Author: Zang Mengya

Summer is the peak season for people to travel and spend, and the summer tourism market is more powerful. It is understood that although the single-day adult ticket price has risen to 719 yuan, Shanghai Disneyland still ushered in the peak of passenger flow at high temperature. Beijing Universal Resort is also welcoming the summer travel craze. If tourists don’t buy fast ticket products, ordinary tickets for some popular projects are likely to have to wait in line for more than three hours. Restoring and expanding consumption is an important task at present and an inevitable requirement for achieving high-quality development. Summer consumption, especially summer tourism consumption, is a good starting point. For all localities, summer tourism consumption is an opportunity and a challenge.

As consumer demand becomes more personalized, consumption scenarios become more diversified, and it is increasingly difficult for homogeneous products to be recognized by consumers. As an important group of people traveling in summer vacation, the tourist base of students and parent-child groups welcoming summer vacation is huge. For students who pursue freshness, excitement and popularity, theme parks that focus on animation and movie consumption, as well as cultural and artistic theme destinations such as museums, ancient buildings and Guofeng resorts, are popular choices for summer tourism. There are still many students who choose to travel to characteristic villages or punch in online celebrity, and these destinations provide new ways for tourists to feel a better life.

If college students tend to choose "go on road trip" and "personalized customized tour" to enjoy the hard-won long vacation, then primary and secondary school students and parents prefer "study tour" which is entertaining and entertaining, making the summer vacation full and meaningful. Some traditional tourist attractions have launched research tourism products such as "punching cards with textbooks" by excavating the knowledge in primary and secondary school textbooks, so that students can feel the cultural background and historical allusions in textbooks on the spot.

However, the "pain points" such as the pressure of transportation, the difficulty of getting a ticket in many theme parks and museums, and the high prices of tickets and accommodation reflect the difficulties in the development of the summer tourism market, and also inject some cold thinking into the "hot" summer tourism market. Summer tourism consumption is different from the usual small holiday tourism consumption, which can meet the longer and deeper tourism needs of tourists, and the quality and service level of tourism products have a more "deep" impact on tourists accordingly. This requires tourism practitioners to constantly enrich product supply, adjust product supply structure, respond to market changes in time, truly grasp the hearts of consumers, and gain a firm foothold in the fierce summer tourism market competition.

In view of this, in the context of the overall recovery of tourism, all relevant departments in various localities should optimize the tourism market environment, strengthen strict supervision of scenic spots and platforms, and improve the standards and systems of tourism industry, which is related to the expansion and upgrading of tourism in various localities and the transformation and development of economy and society. The summer tourism data forecast of several online travel platforms shows that the summer tourism market in 2023 is expected to surpass the same period in 2019. Tourism-related enterprises should seize the opportunity of industry recovery, win the summer tourism consumption market, and make further progress on the basis of the substantial improvement of previous performance. (Zang Mengya)

Source: Economic Daily

1 Some fans asked me, is it difficult to write original funny paragraphs? It’s not difficult to write, but it’s a little brain-consuming, and my head is getting light, so I can’t sleep alone and miss women.

Time doesn’t belong to me at dawn. It’s time to earn money to support my family. My wife is up and I’m sleeping.

Life lies in exercise, exercise lies in making money, making money lies in raising a family, raising a family lies in life, and I am on the way to raising three children.

My dream is, dream. It can only be realized in dreams.

Datong people can talk badly, and falling noodles is not called falling noodles, but falling slag, which smells like coal.

The inspiration of creation comes from life. Why is it that I am clever when I create, but I am ineffective when I create? Is there something wrong with my life style?

Now there is a new term called selling anxiety. Is it still necessary to sell? I have it myself.

My girlfriend asked me why I didn’t like to look at me recently, because I looked down upon it as too expensive and had no money to spend.

It’s not easy for a man to be financially independent, but his wife won’t let him and he is afraid to find his mother-in-law.

People often say that life is won at the starting line, and there is no hope in my life, so I spent 20 yuan to burn trillions at the crossroads, paving the way for me in the next life.

2022 FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 has already begun. In 2010, Qatar won the right to host the 2022 World Cup and became the first Middle Eastern country to host this football feast.

This is the first time that the World Cup has been held in the Gulf region, and it is also the first time that it has been played in the northern hemisphere in winter.

So what is football? What are the basic rules of football? Let’s learn about football today.

Football is a sport in which the feet are the mainstay, the ball is controlled and dominated, and two teams attack and defend each other on the same rectangular court according to certain rules.

Football is called because of its strong antagonism, changeable tactics and large number of participants.“The first movement in the world ".

The predecessor of modern football originated fromChinaThe ancient ball game "Cuju" in Zizhou, Shandong Province (now Zibo City) was spread to Europe by Arabs and gradually evolved into modern football.

Modern football originated in England. In 1848, the Cambridge Rules, the first written rule in the history of football, was born. On October 26th, 1863, England established the first football association in the world, and unified the competition rules of football.

In 1872, the first official match between football associations was held between England and Scotland. In 1900, in the Second Summer Olympic Games, football was included as an official event.

The highest organization of football is the International Football Federation, which was founded in 1904 and headquartered in Zurich, Switzerland. The highest organization in China is the Chinese Football Association, which was established in Beijing on January 3rd, 1955.

The competition is divided into two teams, each team11 people(Generally speaking, each team is allowed to replace three substitute players during the game), and one of them must be a goalkeeper. The whole game is 90 minutes, which is divided into upper and lower halves, with each half lasting 45 minutes.

The rest time between the first half and the second halfNo more than 15 minutes.. There is a referee and two sideline referees in the game. In each half, the referee can make up time according to the injuries and time-consuming substitution on the field.

If the game must be decided, if the two teams draw within 90 minutes, overtime will be played for 15 minutes in the first half and 15 minutes in the second half. If the game is still tied, it will be passed.have a penalty kickThe winner is decided.

If the football completely crosses the sideline, it willPenalty for throwing a foul ball. After the player touches the ball out of the bottom line of his own goal, he will be awarded a corner kick.

When passing the ball forward, there must be two opposing players between the attacking player who receives the ball and the goal, otherwise it will be judged offside.

A player who fouls in his own restricted area will be awarded a penalty. If the penalty is saved by the goalkeeper or kicked on the post, the game will continue. However, in penalty shoot-out, if the football hits the doorpost and bounces back, it can’t be shot again.

A foul outside the penalty area will give the opponent a free kick. If the free kick is near the penalty area, the opposing defender can build a human wall.

Direct free kicks can be shot directly, while indirect free kicks must have a pass before shooting. When serious fouls and violations occur, the referee will show a yellow card to warn him. If the fouler gets a second yellow card warning or a malicious foul, the referee will show a red card and send him off.

The game time should be divided into two equal halves, 45 minutes for each half and 90 minutes for each game.

See here, do you know anything about football? You don’t have to worry about others getting in the way when watching the ball.

The word culture is difficult to generalize.

What I see most on the Internet is a summary by the writer Liang Xiaosheng.

Liang Xiaosheng said: "Culture" can be expressed in four sentences:

Cultivation rooted in the heart;

Consciousness without reminding;

Freedom based on constraints;

Kindness for others.

These four sentences are regarded as the standard by many people.

On various occasions, repeated quotations are quite ostentatious.

But, with all due respect, I still don’t understand,

What exactly do these four sentences mean?

What are the connections between the four sentences?

As for the four sentences, I’m sorry,

Leave the manuscript, I didn’t remember a word!

Speaking of which, someone asked,

Old Zhan, you think Liang Xiaosheng’s four sentences are meaningless and inaccurate.

So how about you, old Zhan, redefine the definition?

Hey hey, well, it really won’t beat me.

Lao Zhan’s definition of culture is quite simple and easy to remember.

In my opinion, the so-called culture is,

A unit, a group, or an individual is formed by long-term coexistence.

Common view of right and wrong and aesthetics.

For example.

A girl married a young man and became a daughter-in-law.

When you first enter the house, there are rules everywhere.

When you meet the old man, you must be respectful, and you can’t be no big or small, and you are arrogant.

When eating, be sure not to talk, laugh, laugh and fight.

Only these two, the girl can’t stand it,

Because, in her home, when she meets her parents, she can pat her shoulder and call her by her first name.

When eating, you can do whatever you like, and no one can control it. It’s quite free.

Look at it. After years of getting along, two families have formed different views on right and wrong and aesthetics.

In other words, different cultures have been formed,

This family thinks it’s right, and that family says it’s wrong.

What this family thinks is beautiful, what that family thinks is ugly,

Because of different cultures, there is a conflict.

Therefore, the new wife feels very uncomfortable.

This new home, too, feels uncomfortable with her.

Reason, it’s as simple as that,

See the big with the small, and the small can be compared with the big.

This is true not only for families, but also for units, organizations, enterprises and even countries.

For example, in the last three years, the epidemic has exploded,

Westerners generally don’t have the habit of wearing masks. They feel awkward, ugly and ugly!

This is their culture, which has been made for many years.

The government forces them to wear it, and they don’t wear it either!

Just like us, we have never had the habit of using public chopsticks and think it is unnecessary, troublesome and uncomfortable!

Or one person with a pair of chopsticks, which one you want to eat, which one you want to eat, which is a pleasure!

This is our culture, but also for many years.

You think foreigners are strange,

Foreigners also think you are strange.

Let’s talk about old Zhan himself later.

In 2006, I went to work in the overseas edition.

As the top leader, in addition to chopping out the "three axes",

Get the income up,

Read the newspaper well,

Expand the distribution again,

In addition, there is a fourth axe, that is,

Gradually establish an overseas version.Unit culture.

I thought that a unit, from leaders to employees,

We should gradually form a common aesthetic view of right and wrong.

What is right and should be advocated?

What is wrong and should be opposed?

If you agree, things will be easy!

Strongly advocated, the unit does not need to give money to reward, and everyone consciously does it.

Firmly opposed, the unit need not criticize and punish, and everyone will not do it.

In this way, wouldn’t it be a great cost savings?

Reward and supervision cost money,

Sometimes, it even costs a lot!

So, what kind of "overseas version" should be established?Unit culture"and?

This matter has long been known,

I have thought about it several times before I took office in the overseas edition.

I’m going to, to the overseas version, let everyone gradually establish a clear "Unit culture”。

I sum it up in six words.

Entrepreneurship, dedication and happiness.

start a business—— Every employee in the unit should be brave in innovation, dare to think and venture, and boldly start a business.

be dedicated/devoted to one’s work/career-after setting a goal, we should strictly abide by it, be conscientious and never cheat.

enjoy one’s trade-the unit should create a good environment with rich income and pleasant spirit for everyone.

Simple, just these three.

Although there are only three, it actually plays a big role!

If you go to a unit, the culture advocated here is "Entrepreneurship, dedication and happiness”。

Everyone has the same goal and the same point of view.

DuyiEntrepreneurship, dedication and happinessProud, think this is right, beautiful, should be praised!

On the contrary, it is wrong and ugly and should be criticized!

Then, all employees are working for these three goals from the bottom of their hearts, working hard and struggling!

Then I believe that such a unit,

Persevere, you will gradually become vibrant, clean and upright,

Everyone is lively and everyone is happy.

Can you not like such a unit?

I once said this point at the overseas edition conference.

And said it more than once.

However, because the first three axes take up too much time and spend too much energy,

This fourth axe can only be talked about, just an idea,

Did not seriously put it into action, and did not formulate specific measures.

Therefore, this axe is just a hollow shot.

Not really cut it down!

Looking back now, if there are any regrets in this life,

This is a regret during my tenure in the overseas edition.

What a pity!

Subjectively speaking, there is not enough time and energy.

Objectively speaking, by the time of the overseas edition, Lao Zhan was 57 and a half years old.

It is only a few months away from the lever of "seven ups and eight downs".

Therefore, the organization has let me work in the overseas edition for nearly four years, and I have already "overspent".

If you want to go on doing it, you will break the rules.

That shouldn’t be and it’s impossible.

Hey, hey, that’s it, my fourth axe,

There would be no time to cut it down.

The so-called overseas version of "Unit culture"well,

It will go away, completely ruined.

China’s cultural self-confidence is a topic with profound historical origins. It has experienced a hundred years of changes, and it has depicted a unique and rich course from the suspicion of traditional culture to the firmness of cultural subjectivity. In this historical process, we find that cultural self-confidence is not a simple ideological imitation, but deeply rooted in the subjectivity of China civilization.

As one of the four ancient civilizations, China has formed a unique Chinese cultural system. The historical books that record China’s past show China literati’s confidence in their national culture. For example, during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there were historical records describing that Roman messengers were "quick in speech and frivolous in behavior" when they came to China. This reflects the idea that China scholars believe that foreign cultures are different but not superior. This cultural self-confidence laid the foundation for future generations. China literati often describe foreigners as "barbarians", which reflects a strong cultural pride. After the Opium War, China gradually realized the need to learn from western science and technology, but still insisted on the value of traditional culture. This historical accumulation has laid the foundation for Chinese cultural self-confidence. In modern history, from the beginning of 19th century to the middle of 20th century, China faced the blending and collision of Chinese and Western cultures, which resulted in the contention of various ideas. Some people advocate that "middle school is the body and western learning is the use", trying to absorb the Excellence of the West on the basis of traditional culture. The rise of this trend of thought is the product of self-awareness of traditional culture and careful acceptance of western culture. Others advocate total westernization. Rational understanding of cultural differences is the premise of cultural self-confidence. Cultural differences should not be viewed only from the stage of development, but should be comprehensively considered by multiple factors such as region, history and system.

With the development of economy, Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s popularity, the extensive promotion of socialist core values and the return of Chinese excellent traditional culture are all vivid manifestations of cultural self-confidence in the contemporary era. This is not only an affirmation of past history, but also confidence in future development. Cultural subjectivity is the premise of cultural self-confidence, and cultural self-confidence is an important embodiment of cultural subjectivity.

Cultural self-confidence is not exclusive self-confidence, but is based on cultural subjectivity. With its broad and inclusive characteristics, Chinese civilization actively integrates into the exchanges and cooperation of world civilizations. With the mind of mutual appreciation, coexistence and common prosperity, China is showing the vitality and prosperity of the world’s civilized gardens. In the new historical period, we need to continue to strengthen cultural subjectivity and maintain cultural self-confidence. This is both a respect for the past and a responsibility for the future. Only on the basis of cultural self-confidence, can the Chinese nation better integrate into the torrent of world civilization and make far-reaching contributions to the prosperity of human civilization.

In China’s education system, the integration of cultural subjectivity and educational inheritance is a crucial task. Education is not only the medium of cultural inheritance, but also the key channel to cultivate cultural self-confidence. In recent years, China has paid attention to promoting Chinese traditional culture in the reform of education system, integrating it into the curriculum system and conveying it to students through diversified teaching methods. This effort aims to cultivate students’ deep understanding and pride in their own culture, so that they can not only adhere to the local cultural characteristics in the global civilization exchange, but also integrate into the torrent of world culture in an open and inclusive manner.

The mission of education is not only to inherit culture, but also to stimulate students’ thinking and innovation in culture. In the process of cultivating cultural self-confidence, education should urge students to examine the values in traditional culture and guide them to think and innovate independently on the basis of these values. By digging deep into the deep connotation of China traditional culture, students can better understand the complexity and diversity of culture, cultivate the ability of independent thinking, and form a deep recognition of their own culture.

In addition, education should also be devoted to cultivating students’ international vision and cross-cultural communication ability. In the context of globalization, it is equally important to understand and respect other cultures. Educational institutions can offer international exchange programs and introduce multicultural teaching materials, so that students can better understand and engage in dialogue and integration with other cultures while inheriting Chinese culture.

In the deep blending of the relationship between education and culture, we have seen the consolidation and inheritance of cultural subjectivity and witnessed the innovation and guidance of education. Such an education system is not only a training base for cultural self-confidence, but also an important way to cultivate comprehensive talents with global competitiveness. Through the joint efforts of education and culture, China’s cultural self-confidence will be more deeply rooted in the hearts of every student, providing solid support for the Chinese nation to show a more vivid style on the world cultural stage.

To sum up, the historical and contemporary manifestations of China’s cultural self-confidence not only inherit and carry forward traditional culture, but also innovate and develop contemporary culture. Efforts in education, cultural inheritance and cultural self-confidence have blended with each other to jointly build a solid cornerstone of China’s cultural self-confidence. In the future, it is expected that this wind of cultural self-confidence will continue to blow and contribute more abundant and unique strength to the Chinese nation in the world cultural tide.

About the author: Zhang Ruliang, deputy editor of the organ newspaper directly under the National Development and Reform Commission, a researcher of Baijia, an expert on the key topics of the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" of the Ministry of Education, and an expert enjoying the subsidy from the Beijing Municipal Government.

Fund Project: This paper is the research result of the key project of the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" of the Ministry of Education, "Research on the relevant strategies to improve the teaching level of Chinese teaching and research in middle schools" (No.:EDUKY130865).

Source: Guangming Net

Authors: Wang Ruliang, Hou Chuanwen (School of History, Nanjing University, College of Literature, Qingdao University)

Culture and civilization are two important categories in the field of humanities and social sciences, and they are also a pair of terms with similarities and differences and complicated relations. There have always been different views on the connotation and extension of the two and the relationship between them, or different perspectives, or positions first, and no relatively consistent and clear understanding has been formed. The author tries to distinguish it from a comprehensive perspective.

Definition: broad sense and narrow sense

From the perspective of etymology, the original meaning of "culture" is cultivation and farming. Compared with nature, everything created by human processing belongs to culture. Therefore, one of the most extensive definitions of culture is "culture is humanization", which means all human activities and their achievements. Taylor, a British cultural anthropologist, put forward in his book Primitive Culture that "culture or civilization, in its broad ethnological sense, is a complex whole including knowledge, faith, art, morality, law, customs and the abilities and habits acquired by anyone as a member of society". He regards culture and civilization as synonyms and refers to them as the overall achievement of human activities.

Culture in a broad sense can be divided into material, system, custom, spirit and other levels: material culture refers to the results created by manual labor; Institutional culture, including macro-level laws and regulations, administrative system and micro-level rules and regulations; Custom culture refers to customs, traditions and practices that have been established and passed down from generation to generation; Spiritual culture refers to the achievements of human spiritual activities with literature, history, philosophy, ethics, religion and aesthetics as the main connotations. Culture in a narrow sense mainly refers to human spiritual activities and their achievements, which is the fourth level in the above broad understanding. Marxism holds that "a certain culture is the ideological reflection of politics and economy in a certain society", and regards culture as a certain ideological form, that is, it belongs to a narrow understanding.

The word "civilization" originated from the ancient Latin civis and civilis, its original meaning is urban residents, and it is extended to the citizenship of the Romans, which means that it is superior to the living conditions of foreigners at that time, especially barbarians, so "civilization" is relative to "savage" or "primitive". However, the evolution and use of "civilization" in later generations are far more complicated. Fukuzawa Yukichi, a modern Japanese enlightenment thinker, pointed out: "The meaning of civilization can be interpreted in a broad sense and a narrow sense. In a narrow sense, it is simply to increase the material needs of human beings by manpower or to increase the appearance decoration of food, clothing and shelter. If interpreted in a broad sense, it is not only to pursue the enjoyment of food, clothing and shelter, but also to inspire Xiu De and raise mankind to a noble realm. " That is to say, the narrow sense of civilization is limited to the development in the material field, while the broad sense of civilization includes the development in the material field and the progress in the spiritual field. In his understanding, man is a senior life pursuing meaning, and naturally he should not be satisfied with food and clothing for a while; Civilization is dynamic, and awakening, independence and civilization are the only way for a nation to achieve civilization. In the context of China, the word "civilization" is often understood in its broad sense. For example, the Encyclopedia of China (Philosophical Volume) interprets civilization as the sum of material and spiritual achievements of human beings in transforming the world, and the History of Chinese Civilization edited by Yuan Xingpei also decomposes civilization into three aspects in its general introduction: material civilization, political civilization and spiritual civilization.

Relationship: diachronic and synchronic

From the diachronic point of view, "civilization" is the product of the development of culture to a certain stage, and the two have their own priorities. In a broad sense, culture is humanization. Since people came into being, there has been conscious or unconscious cultural creation, but not since people came into being. In this sense, civilization is a concept that represents the evolution of human history, as opposed to the uncivilized and barbaric cultural state. This can also be derived from the western etymology of the two: the root of culture, whose original meaning is farming, originated from the early agricultural production mode of human beings, and the root of civilization, whose original meaning is urban and civil, originated from the urban life that appeared in the later period of human beings.

The discussion on the symbol of civilization mainly focuses on the following aspects: politically, there are large urban settlements, magnificent public buildings, obvious class division of residents and the formation of a country; Economically, there is a developed social division of labor and commodity exchange, a relatively fixed tax system or a regular tribute system; Ideologically, there are relatively unified religious beliefs of the whole nation, including objects of worship and sacrificial ceremonies; In culture and education, there are the use of words and the development of science and technology, and there are some forms of schools. Only a society with the above symbols and characteristics in culture can be considered as a civilized society. In other words, the formation of a civilized society needs the accumulation and breakthrough of culture and special conditions and opportunities; Civilization is the result of human beings’ transformation of nature, society and themselves to a certain extent, and it is an advanced stage of cultural development.

From a synchronic point of view, there are two main types of understanding of the relationship between them at present. In the first category, the two are regarded as synonyms, which are interlinked and cross-cutting, and can be broadly understood as human activities and their achievements, either undifferentiated or biased. The former is like Taylor’s understanding in Primitive Culture, and the latter is like Qian Mu’s point of view, "Generally civilized culture refers to the life of human groups. Civilization is on the outside, which belongs to the material aspect. Cultural bias is a spiritual aspect. " The second category regards civilization as an aggregate that embodies cultural identity and classifies cultures. Huntington, an American scholar, thinks in The Clash of Civilizations and the Reconstruction of World Order that "a civilization is the most extensive cultural entity … civilization is the highest cultural classification of people and the widest range of people’s cultural identity". This view is more representative in international academic circles, such as The Decline of the West by Bingler, Historical Research by Toynbee, and The Rise of the West-The History of Human Community by McNeill. Huntington took religion as the main symbol to define different civilizations, and divided the world after the Cold War into eight civilizations: Christian civilization, Confucian civilization, Islamic civilization, Japanese civilization, Indian civilization, Orthodox civilization, Latin American civilization and African civilization. This is similar to the four major cultural circles in the world: European and American cultural circles with Christian culture as the main body, East Asian cultural circles with Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism as the main body, South Asian cultural circles with Hinduism and Buddhism as the main body, and West Asian and North African cultural circles with Islamic culture as the main body. Comparatively speaking, "cultural circle" has been replaced by "civilization" in appellation.The number has expanded from four to many, and the same thing is that religion is the dividing standard.

Application: subjective and objective

Culture and civilization are objective academic terms, which do not reflect specific value judgments. However, in the process of practical application, it is often artificially subjective, and the more representative ones are "culture-centered theory" and "civilization superiority theory".

Cultural-centered theory takes "self" culture as the center, and holds that self-culture’s beliefs, values, lifestyles and behavioral norms are superior to "other" culture. It may be generated and used between different cultural groups, different cultural categories and different cultural regions within the same civilization, and it may also be generated and used between different civilizations. The former is like Huaxia centralism in ancient China, and the latter is like Western centralism in modern times. The theoretical point of the latter is that after the Enlightenment, bourgeois revolution and industrial revolution, western culture is more advanced and developed than the East in politics, economy, science and technology, representing historical progress and inevitability.

In view of all kinds of cultural centralism, in the second half of the 20th century, the debate between cultural universalism and cultural relativism arose all over the world. Cultural universalism holds that the truth and value of human beings are universal and absolute, and human cultures have similar goals, unified values and common laws of development, which will surely be unified under the leadership of advanced and advanced cultures. Cultural relativism is the result of reflection on deconstructing cultural universalism and facing multicultural phenomena. It emphasizes that each culture has heterogeneity and independence that other cultures cannot share. Therefore, culture is relative and cannot be compared according to a unified model. The author believes that culture has both universality and relativity. Universality is the commonality of human culture, and relativity is the individuality of various cultures. Only by recognizing the commonness of culture and respecting the individuality of culture can we break away from the stereotype of cultural centralism.

The theory of superiority of civilization is a subjective argument that advocates that one’s own civilization is superior to other civilizations in history or reality. In history, the most representative is the "white superiority theory" based on racial differences. Morgan pointed out in "Ancient Society": "Aryans and Sumerians were the first to break away from the civilized state among all branches of human beings … These two groups were essentially the founders of civilization." Because Aryans and semu are both white, some westerners draw the conclusion that white people created civilization earlier, and then form the theory of white superiority. In fact, the four ancient civilizations in the East were all multi-racial, and the yellow race, black race and white race all participated in the creation of civilizations. In reality, the most representative is the theory of stagnation of eastern civilization, which is another form of the theory of superiority of western civilization. Its main point is that the eastern civilization, which has tended to be patterned and stereotyped in philosophy, literature, education and other fields since modern times, has been in a state of stagnation and needs to be stimulated and saved by the western civilization, which has been constantly reborn and developed sharply. This argument became an excuse for colonialists to invade and expand. For example, Fukuzawa Yukichi once advocated the war of aggression against China as a "war of civilization".

In this regard, in 1853, Marx put forward the scientific conclusion of colonialism’s dual mission in two articles: British rule in India and the future result of British rule in India. "Britain has to complete its dual mission in India: one is to destroy the old Asian society; The other is the mission of reconstruction, that is, to lay a material foundation for a western-style society in Asia. " In other words, the colonialists "acted as an unconscious tool of history" while doing all the bad things. This is the dialectics of history, not the so-called victory of superior civilization.

In a word, culture and civilization need to distinguish between broad and narrow meanings according to specific contexts. The relationship between them can be analyzed from the synchronic and diachronic perspectives. The theory of cultural center and the theory of civilization superiority are the results of the subjective application of these two concepts, which should be clearly understood.

(This article is the phased achievement of the major project "Oriental Cultural History" (11-ZD 082) of the National Social Science Fund)

Source: China Social Sciences Network-China Social Sciences News

# 京京京京 # 4 Dried Lady Liquid Foundation Who is the ceiling? The original camera has no beauty evaluation!

Sensitive muscle blemish skin autumn and winter choose foundation please thick horse! No filter, no retouching

At the age of 26, the lady foundation is mainly tender, and the thick powder foundation is particularly gully! The delicate and luxurious lady makeup effect is really tender

Concealer, moisturizing pores, invisible skin care and lasting acne! These four bottles are in dozens of bottles of foundation.

I have dry skin with defects in autumn and winter/yellow and white/freckled nose with redness/large pores! Zhong ai she guang exquisite dizhuang

Desert dry skin or mixed muscle brothers and sisters reference

–

Estee Lauder Platinum 1c0

Exquisite and luxurious, the makeup is very expensive! Tender and reflective like a diamond! Any corner of the naked eye has a sense of luxury and luxury that is delicate and friendless. Who knows the happiness that dry lines and flaws can be invisible! After using the skin, it is 3 years younger, and the original camera can’t shoot its beauty! In the fifth year of using platinum, the skin is really normal when it is good. The more sensitive you are, the more you use it, the more you love it. Nearly the whole bottle of platinum skin care ingredients is absolutely perfect! Red can cover, moist and delicate, like porcelain, and the moisturizing foundation is not stuffy at all. It is micron-sized powder, which can perfectly blend with the skin without roughness. The makeup is thin and not stuck. It is very popular in air-conditioned rooms in summer, and it is more fragrant when commuting in autumn and winter! 5 heavy anti-oxidation essence and liquid gem technology’s blessing with makeup for 12 hours, the cheeks are not dull, and the gloss makeup effect is huge and complete.

Moisturity: It can be firmly moistened on the face.

Make-up: expensive and extravagant.

Concealer 70% (can not conceal)

Suitable for skin types: desert dry skin/mixed dry skin/defective skin/neutral skin.

–

Lancome Jingchun 100

Satin is smooth and smooth, and the cream on the face is delicate. When there is no acne, it is really natural to have good skin. Extra-large acne and acne marks can cover half of it, which is better than good moisturizing. If you do it casually before makeup, you won’t get stuck. Stacking two layers can completely cover the redness. 100 is more suitable for yellow and white than the old 100 color number. The colder it is, the better it is! Wear makeup all day without mottling, suitable for sisters with few flaws.

, Moisturity: Giant Moisturize Must Set Makeup.

Makeup sense: satin cream muscle

Concealer: 50-60%

Suitable for skin type: desert dry skin/mixed dry skin.

–

Guerlain Diamond Liquid Foundation 00

Cream muscle! Natural white defect dry skin must be tried! On the day of the test, there was a mosquito bag on my face, which was covered with it. The rotten face was skinned with it, which covered the red pox well. The moisturizing foundation was very peeling, and the color of 00 was the whitest and natural. Thick coating made the skin look better than Bo Tu!

Moisturity: the makeup feels dull and creamy, which is actually very moisturizing.

Make-up feeling: micro-glossy cream muscle

Concealer: 50-60%

Suitable for skin: defective dry skin/mixed dry skin

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?CPB soft fog powder L10

Full matte make-up, covering red is good, but it will be a little obvious after a long period of makeup for acne. The make-up is really thin, which is more suitable for sisters with blemishes but flat skin. The color number is white, but it is more suitable for dry skin after oiling!

Moisture: matte but not dry

Make-up: soft and matte muscles.

Concealer: 40-50%

Suitable for skin: mixed dry skin/dry skin.

Source: Feishu Shennuo

Outline catalogue

1. Overview of the global beauty and skin care market

2, beauty and skin care industry insight into the sea

3. Insights into overseas beauty and skin care trends

4. Case study of leading brands

The report consists of 99 pages.

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