Today, the 2023-2024 Jilin International Alpine/Snowboarding Challenge ended in Jilin Beidahu Ski Resort after five weeks of fierce competition.

This year’s Jilin High-Skating Competition has been increased from the previous five stops to seven stops. After six races, including Changbai Mountain Wanda International Ski Resort, Wanfeng Tonghua Ski Resort, Xinjiang Altay Jiangjun Mountain Ski Resort, Changchun Miaoxiangshan Ski Resort, Vanke Songhua Lake Ski Resort and Yanji Mengdumei Ski Resort, the contestants entered the finals of Beidahu Ski Resort with accumulated points. The seven races attracted more than 1,500 skiers from all over the country, and more than 150 contestants entered the finals.

As a mass skiing event, Jilin High Ski Race has been successfully held for four years, which not only makes the mass skiing event have an international standard, but also builds a mature, authoritative and professional stage for domestic skiers.

Source: Jilin News Network

Editor: Qi Wang

The copyright belongs to the original author. Please contact us if there is any infringement!

　　Beijing, Jan 4 (Reporter Ren Siyu) After the national box office in 2020 exceeded 20 billion, the film market in 2021 ushered in a "good start".

　　According to the data of the National Film Office, the total box office of the national film during the New Year’s Day holiday in 2021 (January 1 -3) reached 1.29 billion, a record high. Among them, the single-day box office on January 1 exceeded 600 million yuan, setting a new record for the highest single-day box office on New Year’s Day in film history.

　　The box office performance that exceeded expectations in the first year has brought new hope to the film and television industry.

　　Poster of A Little Red Flower, Warm Hug and Shock Wave 2.

　　A Little Red Flower leads.

　　In this New Year’s Day schedule, the movie A Little Red Flower, Warm Hug and Shock Wave 2 led the box office. According to the data, A Little Red Flower won 521 million box office titles, Warm Hug took the second place with 327 million box office, Shock Wave 2 ranked third with 220 million box office, and the three films jointly contributed nearly 80% of the box office.

　　Among them, A Little Red Flower booked the explosion at the end of the year in advance. Without the advance screening, the popularity of the film soared all the way, accounting for 42.51% of the box office on the first day, setting the highest single-day record on New Year’s Day, and it was listed on the hot search list of Weibo several times during the holiday.

　　A Little Red Flower is directed by Han Yan, starring Jackson Yee and Liu Haocun. As one of Han Yan’s "trilogy of life", the film revolves around the stories of two anti-cancer families and faces the life proposition that every ordinary person will face — — How to face and fight against death that may come at any time.

　　It is worth mentioning that this film is also the second film starring Jackson Yee. Previously, he was nominated for several important film festivals with Better Days and became a hot star.

　　A Little Red Flower stills.

　　If the popularity of the film before screening comes from the audience’s expectation of the starring role, then the performance after that is inseparable from the reputation and quality of the film. The topic of cancer is heavy, but the film is very warm. "Physical pain is not the core I want to express, and works of art should give the audience a spiritual comfort and cure." Director Han Yan once said in an interview.

　　"It’s really great to have such a film released in the New Year’s Eve. First, it’s good-looking at the mass level, a very smooth and emotional commercial film, and second, its theme — — Overcoming difficulties and actively embracing life are also in line with the social mood in 2020. " A popular comment on Douban wrote.

　　Warm Hug, starring Chang Yuan and Li Qin, is based on the Korean film Plan Man, which conveys the theme that "love can cure everything". Although its reputation is not as good as that of Xiao Honghua, it has also achieved good box office results. Comedy and works with warm colors have satisfied the audience’s expectations for the New Year.

　　Warm Hug stills.

　　Will New Year’s Eve and New Year’s Day be the next potential stock?

　　In fact, a few years ago, the box office performance of New Year’s Day holiday was not particularly outstanding in the long-span Lunar New Year file. In 2018, "The Last Night of the Earth" made the ceremony of watching movies on New Year’s Eve deeply rooted in people’s hearts through the short video of "One Kiss for New Year’s Eve", but the film subsequently suffered from the reputation of Waterloo.

　　If there is no holiday blessing, the box office performance will be more restricted. For example, in 2020, the New Year’s Day file only had a holiday on January 1 (Wednesday), and the box office on that day was only 290 million yuan. Only one movie, Pet, had a box office of over 100 million yuan.

　　But after 2020, this New Year’s Eve is of great significance to people. According to the data released by the National Film Bureau, the total box office of China movies reached 20.417 billion in 2020, of which the box office on New Year’s Eve on December 31st reached 536 million, which was second only to the single-day box office three days before the National Day holiday, and became the highest box office in recent years.

　　The excitement of New Year’s Day this year is partly due to the preheating of many blockbusters years ago. Since the middle and late December, The Rescue Shock Wave 2’s "Qing Ya Ji" and other large-scale production films have been released one after another, and the market enthusiasm they brought has also continued into the New Year holiday.

　　Shock Wave 2 stills.

　　Therefore, the three-day New Year’s Day holiday is not just the excitement of the new film. Shock Wave 2, which was released on December 24, still performed strongly during the New Year’s Day, with a box office of nearly 700 million in 9 days. Soul, which received less publicity, also ushered in a counterattack, and surpassed Qing Ya Ji to become the fourth box office in a single day. Feature films, comedies, cartoons, fantasy films, and gangster films … … A variety of films give the audience more choices.

　　And the New Year’s Eve and the New Year’s Day holiday in 2022 are also next to the weekend. In the film market where the "holiday effect" is becoming more and more obvious, can it also give some inspiration to the future booking?

　　After the excitement, is there enough "surplus grain"?

　　On the last day of the New Year’s holiday, the popularity of the film market dropped significantly, and the single-day box office fell to 262 million. After the excitement of the holiday, the cinema also has hidden concerns.

　　On the one hand, the "famine" crisis caused by the epidemic still exists. According to the data released by the State Film Administration, a total of 1037 films were produced in 2019, including 850 feature films; In 2020, there will be 650 films and 531 feature films, and the production capacity will be further compressed.

　　On the other hand, Hollywood blockbusters are also absent because of the epidemic. Looking back at the film data in 2020, domestic films have set off more than 80% of the box office, and this situation is expected to continue for some time.

　　Next, there will be films such as "Seizing the Soul" starring Zhang zhen and Zhang Junning, "Fighting the Black" starring Jiang Wu and Zhang Songwen, The Reunions directed by Dapeng, comedy "The Sun Never Set Hotel" and animated Wish Dragon.

　　Whether these "surplus grains" can still support the excitement of the cinema, I am afraid I have to put a question mark first.

　　The Reunions poster of "Hunting the Soul", "Sweeping the Black, Decisive Battle".

　　However, after entering February, the much-anticipated Spring Festival will come soon, and films such as Detective Chinatown 3 and Hi, Mom’s Crowd, The Order of the Gods, A Writer’s Odyssey, New Gods: Nezha Reborn and Boonie Bears:The Wild Life will once again ignite the market.

　　As the "first battle of the New Year", the New Year’s Day file exceeded expectations, which also made people have more expectations for the film market in 2021. On the premise that the epidemic can be effectively controlled, the "late" Spring Festival file is expected to create a new peak again. (End)

Table tennis is a "national sport" and an exercise "artifact" for people of all ages. Research shows that students’ eyesight has improved obviously after participating in table tennis training. Table tennis can also improve reaction ability and flexibility, which is beneficial to the heart, lungs, waist, shoulders and cervical vertebrae.

First, safety. Compared with other ball games, table tennis is light and fast, and the physical damage caused to the opponent after bouncing is almost zero. Football and basketball, which have direct physical confrontation, are more likely to hurt people. Therefore, table tennis is suitable for all ages.

Second, protect your eyes. Ping-pong balls come and go fast, and the landing point is near or far, or left or right. To judge accurately, the eyes must keep a close eye on the ball and the brain must judge at high speed, which has a good effect on adjusting vision. Primary and middle school students with heavy schoolwork often play table tennis, which can effectively improve the function of ciliary muscles and prevent myopia.

Third, strengthen the brain. It is helpful to prevent Alzheimer’s disease, delay cerebral arteriosclerosis in the elderly and maintain thinking and memory.

Fourth, strong body. Playing table tennis is aerobic exercise, which can exercise cardiopulmonary function and visceral system and improve basal metabolism.

Fifth, reduce rigidity. Playing table tennis can exercise the muscles that support the balance of the body, move the parts that are usually motionless, and relieve the symptoms of back pain or stiff shoulders. Although playing table tennis has many benefits, there are also taboos, especially for the elderly, we should pay attention to the following points:

Exercise fully and turn around to warm up. Wrist, elbow, shoulder, knee, ankle and other joints should be fully active before playing ball. Playing table tennis is the same as playing tennis, and there are many turns, so it is necessary to warm up by turning.

Calm down and control the intensity. Middle-aged and elderly people can also play table tennis, but it is best to focus on fitness and play less games, not to mention being upset because of winning or losing at one time. People with poor heart function should pay special attention to it regardless of strength.

Pay attention to the surroundings, deduct less and prevent more. The playing field should be smooth and free of obstacles, and be careful not to hit the back wall or baffle when hitting the ball backwards. Old people should defend more, smash less, and don’t save the ball too actively to avoid injury. ▲

Colorful, criss-crossing, the combination of light and shadow, beautiful beyond words!

Magnificent rivers and mountains, beautiful!

The colors are dazzling and shocking!

Colorful clouds, so beautiful!

The lake is quiet and the sun sets!

Colorful, just like oil painting!

The morning sun rises, new hope, new beginning!

Flying high, exciting!

Green land, sunshine and dense bamboo forests!

Dense forests, winding paths, what a fascinating place!

Blue sky, white clouds, endless grasslands, cattle and sheep grazing with their heads down, beautiful pictures!

A beautiful picture in the sunset glow!

Castle peak, green water, colorful Woods, beautiful natural scenery, what a desirable place!

Dear friends, if you also like nature, animals, plants and beautiful things; Like reading and writing, like beautiful scenery; Then pay attention to me, and have wonderful sharing every day!

Thank you for your attention. Welcome to like, comment, collect and forward. Your encouragement is my greatest motivation!

Try these sports.

Aerobic exercise is the most effective to reduce anxiety.General aerobic exercise includes jogging, freestyle, fast cycling, skipping rope, aerobics training, fast walking and so on.

Run slowly

Jogging is the first choice for aerobic exercise. As a relaxed fitness exercise, men, women and children can choose it, and it is a national health exercise.Count the many benefits of jogging:

1. If you weigh about 54 kilograms, the heat consumed in one hour is about 420 calories (1 calorie = 4.184 joules) under the condition of easy exercise; If the weight is about 68 kg, it is 588 calories.

2. Release muscle tension and consume excess adrenaline, thus reducing anxiety.

3. Improving cardiopulmonary function Constant jogging will increase the blood output when the heart contracts, reduce the quiet heart rate, lower blood pressure, increase the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol content in the blood, and improve physical ability.

4. Jogging with the law of metabolism and detoxification can accelerate the metabolism in the body, delay the aging of body functions, and excrete excess substances such as toxins in the body with sweat and urine.

5. Relieving psychological stress improves the level of serotonin and endorphins in the brain, thus resisting the invasion of depression.

Precautions:

1. Buying a pair of good shoes can minimize the impact on joints.

2. Avoid running on hard ground, preferably grass, mud, mud track or solid beach.

3. Persistence is the key to exercise, so that the effect will be obvious.

If you can’t exercise outdoors because of the weather, the road is not soft enough or the air pollution, the automatic treadmill is also possible.

Swim

Swimming is also a particularly good sport. It has many advantages, such as:

1. Enhance myocardial function When people exercise in water, all organs participate in it, which consumes more energy and accelerates blood circulation, so as to supply more nutrients to the exercise organs.

2. It is suitable for people with muscle or bone problems, injuries or arthritis. Swimming has the least impact on the bones of these people, which is more suitable than other sports.

3. Make the body symmetrical and fit. People who swim regularly will be more symmetrical and fit, giving people a feeling of vitality. Of course, different exercise time has different fitness effects. Aerobic exercise, 20 ~ 30 minutes, 4 ~ 5 times a week. Just to relax, breaststroke is the best choice. Not only strengthens the body, but also relaxes the mood.

Precautions:

1. The concentration of chlorine disinfection in some swimming pools is too high, which will irritate people’s eyes, skin or hair, and the tight silicone swimming cap will damage hair. In addition, there are many germs in the water, so we must pay attention to taking a bath and gargling in time after swimming, and it is best to drop some eye drops if possible.

2. Make preparations before launching, and warm-up exercise is indispensable to prevent sports injuries.

3. Try not to swim for people with one of the following diseases: ① severe heart disease; 2 blood pressure is particularly high; ③ Epilepsy; ④ Hepatitis; ⑤ otitis media; ⑥ Gynecological inflammation; ⑦ Broken skin (with wound); (8) Infectious diseases; Pet-name ruby asthma attack; Attending a cold, fever, cough, etc.

Ride a bicycle

Cycling has many benefits. Cycling has become a popular sport in recent years. Like running and swimming, it is also an endurance exercise that can best improve people’s cardiopulmonary function.

1. Prevent brain aging, improve the agility of nervous system, and have the function of decompressing and refreshing. The results of modern sports medicine research show that riding a bicycle is a contralateral exercise, and alternately pedaling the legs can develop the functions of the left and right brain at the same time, preventing premature aging and neglect.

2. Improve cardiopulmonary function, exercise muscle strength of lower limbs and enhance overall endurance. Cycling exercise has the same endurance exercise effect on internal organs as swimming and running. This exercise not only mobilized the muscles of the whole body, but also exercised the joints and ligaments.

Precautions:

1. Choose a suitable bike, and of course, you should pay attention to the correct riding posture.

2. In order to achieve the effect of aerobic exercise to relax and reduce anxiety, the speed requirement is still relatively high, about 24 kilometers per hour, that is, you have to ride 1 kilometer in two and a half minutes. Of course, good road conditions and fewer vehicles are the best, and safety is the first priority.

3. Wear a helmet when riding a bike, and avoid riding a bike at night. It can be faster on a flat road. When the weather is fine, riding a bicycle is a pleasure. It is best to have a beautiful environment, fewer vehicles and a dedicated bicycle lane. If conditions do not permit, an indoor fixed bicycle is also possible.

Jumping rope

There is a saying called "one jump, ten years younger". Some fitness experts especially admire skipping.

French fitness expert Mock specially designed a "gradual skipping plan" for female bodybuilders: at the beginning, you only jump in the same place for 1 minute, then you can jump continuously for 3 minutes after 3 months, then you can jump continuously for 10 minutes after 3 months, and after half a year, you can implement "series jumping" every day, for example, you can jump continuously for 3 minutes for 5 times until you jump continuously for half an hour. Jumping for half an hour at a time is equivalent to jogging for 90 minutes, which is already a standard aerobic exercise. At the same time, it has many advantages:

1. Simple skipping rope has a variety of patterns, which can be simple and complicated, can be done at any time, and can be learned as soon as it is learned. It is especially suitable for fitness in the low temperature season, and it is especially suitable for women. In terms of the amount of exercise, skipping rope for 10 minutes is almost the same as jogging for 30 minutes or dancing for 20 minutes, which can be described as aerobic exercise with less time consumption and high energy consumption.

2. Jumping rope by exercising various organs can enhance the functions of cardiovascular system, respiratory system and nervous system. Studies have confirmed that skipping rope can prevent many diseases such as diabetes, arthritis, obesity, osteoporosis, hypertension, muscular atrophy, hyperlipidemia, insomnia, depression, menopausal syndrome and so on. For lactating and menopausal women, skipping also has the positive effect of relaxing emotions, which is also beneficial to women’s mental health and anxiety patients.

3. Skipping rope is the most healthy brain. Chinese medicine believes that the foot is the root of the human body. Skipping rope can promote circulation, make people feel comfortable and walk effectively, and can play the roles of dredging meridians, strengthening brain and warming viscera.

Precautions:

1. Skippers should wear soft and light high-heeled shoes to avoid ankle injury.

2. Generally, the rope should be 60 ~ 70cm longer than the height, preferably soft and hard, with moderate thickness. Beginners should usually use hard ropes, but they can be changed to soft ropes after proficiency.

3. Choose lawn, wooden floor and mud floor with moderate hardness. Never jump rope on hard concrete floor to avoid damaging joints and easily causing dizziness.

4. When skipping rope, hold your thumb and index finger lightly with both hands, and put other fingers on the handle easily without exerting force. In addition, hold your head high, look at the front 5 ~ 6 meters, and feel the movement of your knees and ankles. Toe and heel need to be coordinated hard to prevent sprain.

Fat people and middle-aged women should use their feet to rise and fall at the same time. At the same time, don’t jump too high to avoid joint injury due to too much load.

Content source: People’s Health Publishing House published "Relieve Anxiety"

2022 FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 has already begun. In 2010, Qatar won the right to host the 2022 World Cup and became the first Middle Eastern country to host this football feast.

This is the first time that the World Cup has been held in the Gulf region, and it is also the first time that it has been played in the northern hemisphere in winter.

So what is football? What are the basic rules of football? Let’s learn about football today.

Football is a sport in which the feet are the mainstay, the ball is controlled and dominated, and two teams attack and defend each other on the same rectangular court according to certain rules.

Football is called because of its strong antagonism, changeable tactics and large number of participants.“The first movement in the world ".

The predecessor of modern football originated fromChinaThe ancient ball game "Cuju" in Zizhou, Shandong Province (now Zibo City) was spread to Europe by Arabs and gradually evolved into modern football.

Modern football originated in England. In 1848, the Cambridge Rules, the first written rule in the history of football, was born. On October 26th, 1863, England established the first football association in the world, and unified the competition rules of football.

In 1872, the first official match between football associations was held between England and Scotland. In 1900, in the Second Summer Olympic Games, football was included as an official event.

The highest organization of football is the International Football Federation, which was founded in 1904 and headquartered in Zurich, Switzerland. The highest organization in China is the Chinese Football Association, which was established in Beijing on January 3rd, 1955.

The competition is divided into two teams, each team11 people(Generally speaking, each team is allowed to replace three substitute players during the game), and one of them must be a goalkeeper. The whole game is 90 minutes, which is divided into upper and lower halves, with each half lasting 45 minutes.

The rest time between the first half and the second halfNo more than 15 minutes.. There is a referee and two sideline referees in the game. In each half, the referee can make up time according to the injuries and time-consuming substitution on the field.

If the game must be decided, if the two teams draw within 90 minutes, overtime will be played for 15 minutes in the first half and 15 minutes in the second half. If the game is still tied, it will be passed.have a penalty kickThe winner is decided.

If the football completely crosses the sideline, it willPenalty for throwing a foul ball. After the player touches the ball out of the bottom line of his own goal, he will be awarded a corner kick.

When passing the ball forward, there must be two opposing players between the attacking player who receives the ball and the goal, otherwise it will be judged offside.

A player who fouls in his own restricted area will be awarded a penalty. If the penalty is saved by the goalkeeper or kicked on the post, the game will continue. However, in penalty shoot-out, if the football hits the doorpost and bounces back, it can’t be shot again.

A foul outside the penalty area will give the opponent a free kick. If the free kick is near the penalty area, the opposing defender can build a human wall.

Direct free kicks can be shot directly, while indirect free kicks must have a pass before shooting. When serious fouls and violations occur, the referee will show a yellow card to warn him. If the fouler gets a second yellow card warning or a malicious foul, the referee will show a red card and send him off.

The game time should be divided into two equal halves, 45 minutes for each half and 90 minutes for each game.

See here, do you know anything about football? You don’t have to worry about others getting in the way when watching the ball.

Hairstyle, as an important part of people’s daily life, has always been concerned and pursued by people. From ancient hairstyles to modern hairstyles, people are constantly exploring and innovating. Today, I have arranged several fashionable hairstyles for you, so let’s enjoy and learn together.

露耳短发是近年来非常流行的发型之一，它简单清爽，非常适合夏季的穿搭。

在露耳短发的基础上，我们可以尝试推边不连接的发型，这种发型有些镂空的效果，让整个发型看起来更加清爽有型。

这款发型适合有点骨感的脸型，可以修饰脸型轮廓，让整个人看起来更加精神和时尚。

发色在造型中扮演着非常重要的角色，如果您已经厌倦了单一的发色，那么这款创意发色波波头绝对能满足您的要求。

这款发型融合了多种颜色的染发效果，让整个发型看起来非常新奇有趣。

而且波波头的设计可以让头发看起来更加丰盈和自然，让您的造型更加有层次感。

卷发一直以来都是时尚圈中不可或缺的一部分，如果您想尝试一款特别的卷发发型，那么羊毛卷长发一定是您的不二选择。

这种发型采用比较小的卷发设计，让整个发型看起来非常蓬松，让人看起来更加洋气时尚。

如果您想让卷发更加有层次感，可以在头发的表面上添加一些高光效果，让整个发型看起来更加生动活泼。

如果您想尝试一款既美观又实用的长发发型，那么大夹子半扎长卷发一定是您的不二选择。

This hairstyle pulls up a part of the hair, making the whole hairstyle look more neat and clean, while retaining the layering and softness of the hair.

The design of the big clip is also very fashionable, which can make the whole shape more temperament.

Summary: Hairstyle is an indispensable part of fashion circle, which can not only change a person’s appearance image, but also express a person’s personality and attitude.

When choosing a hairstyle, we need to consider our face, hair quality, personal preferences and other factors, and choose a hairstyle that suits us to achieve the best results.

In addition to the above hairstyles, there are many other hairstyles for us to choose from, such as retro curly hair, short hair shawl, medium and long hair waves and so on. Different hairstyles are suitable for different occasions and personal styles. We can choose the hairstyle that suits us best according to our own needs and preferences.

Besides the hairstyle itself, we also need to pay attention to the care and maintenance of the hairstyle. Hair care can affect the effect and durability of hair style, so we need to choose shampoo and conditioner that suits us, and carry out in-depth care regularly to make our hair healthier and more beautiful.

When choosing hairstyles, we can also refer to the hairstyles of some famous stars, such as Song Hye Kyo, Dilraba, Liu Shishi and so on.

Their hairstyles are not only fashionable and beautiful, but also very representative, which can provide us with a lot of inspiration and reference.

Finally, hairstyle is a way to express personal style and attitude. Let us show our personality and charm by choosing a hairstyle that suits us, and make ourselves more confident and beautiful in life.

Authors: Wang Ruliang, Hou Chuanwen (School of History, Nanjing University, College of Literature, Qingdao University)

Culture and civilization are two important categories in the field of humanities and social sciences, and they are also a pair of terms with similarities and differences and complicated relations. There have always been different views on the connotation and extension of the two and the relationship between them, or different perspectives, or positions first, and no relatively consistent and clear understanding has been formed. The author tries to distinguish it from a comprehensive perspective.

Definition: broad sense and narrow sense

From the perspective of etymology, the original meaning of "culture" is cultivation and farming. Compared with nature, everything created by human processing belongs to culture. Therefore, one of the most extensive definitions of culture is "culture is humanization", which means all human activities and their achievements. Taylor, a British cultural anthropologist, put forward in his book Primitive Culture that "culture or civilization, in its broad ethnological sense, is a complex whole including knowledge, faith, art, morality, law, customs and the abilities and habits acquired by anyone as a member of society". He regards culture and civilization as synonyms and refers to them as the overall achievement of human activities.

Culture in a broad sense can be divided into material, system, custom, spirit and other levels: material culture refers to the results created by manual labor; Institutional culture, including macro-level laws and regulations, administrative system and micro-level rules and regulations; Custom culture refers to customs, traditions and practices that have been established and passed down from generation to generation; Spiritual culture refers to the achievements of human spiritual activities with literature, history, philosophy, ethics, religion and aesthetics as the main connotations. Culture in a narrow sense mainly refers to human spiritual activities and their achievements, which is the fourth level in the above broad understanding. Marxism holds that "a certain culture is the ideological reflection of politics and economy in a certain society", and regards culture as a certain ideological form, that is, it belongs to a narrow understanding.

The word "civilization" originated from the ancient Latin civis and civilis, its original meaning is urban residents, and it is extended to the citizenship of the Romans, which means that it is superior to the living conditions of foreigners at that time, especially barbarians, so "civilization" is relative to "savage" or "primitive". However, the evolution and use of "civilization" in later generations are far more complicated. Fukuzawa Yukichi, a modern Japanese enlightenment thinker, pointed out: "The meaning of civilization can be interpreted in a broad sense and a narrow sense. In a narrow sense, it is simply to increase the material needs of human beings by manpower or to increase the appearance decoration of food, clothing and shelter. If interpreted in a broad sense, it is not only to pursue the enjoyment of food, clothing and shelter, but also to inspire Xiu De and raise mankind to a noble realm. " That is to say, the narrow sense of civilization is limited to the development in the material field, while the broad sense of civilization includes the development in the material field and the progress in the spiritual field. In his understanding, man is a senior life pursuing meaning, and naturally he should not be satisfied with food and clothing for a while; Civilization is dynamic, and awakening, independence and civilization are the only way for a nation to achieve civilization. In the context of China, the word "civilization" is often understood in its broad sense. For example, the Encyclopedia of China (Philosophical Volume) interprets civilization as the sum of material and spiritual achievements of human beings in transforming the world, and the History of Chinese Civilization edited by Yuan Xingpei also decomposes civilization into three aspects in its general introduction: material civilization, political civilization and spiritual civilization.

Relationship: diachronic and synchronic

From the diachronic point of view, "civilization" is the product of the development of culture to a certain stage, and the two have their own priorities. In a broad sense, culture is humanization. Since people came into being, there has been conscious or unconscious cultural creation, but not since people came into being. In this sense, civilization is a concept that represents the evolution of human history, as opposed to the uncivilized and barbaric cultural state. This can also be derived from the western etymology of the two: the root of culture, whose original meaning is farming, originated from the early agricultural production mode of human beings, and the root of civilization, whose original meaning is urban and civil, originated from the urban life that appeared in the later period of human beings.

The discussion on the symbol of civilization mainly focuses on the following aspects: politically, there are large urban settlements, magnificent public buildings, obvious class division of residents and the formation of a country; Economically, there is a developed social division of labor and commodity exchange, a relatively fixed tax system or a regular tribute system; Ideologically, there are relatively unified religious beliefs of the whole nation, including objects of worship and sacrificial ceremonies; In culture and education, there are the use of words and the development of science and technology, and there are some forms of schools. Only a society with the above symbols and characteristics in culture can be considered as a civilized society. In other words, the formation of a civilized society needs the accumulation and breakthrough of culture and special conditions and opportunities; Civilization is the result of human beings’ transformation of nature, society and themselves to a certain extent, and it is an advanced stage of cultural development.

From a synchronic point of view, there are two main types of understanding of the relationship between them at present. In the first category, the two are regarded as synonyms, which are interlinked and cross-cutting, and can be broadly understood as human activities and their achievements, either undifferentiated or biased. The former is like Taylor’s understanding in Primitive Culture, and the latter is like Qian Mu’s point of view, "Generally civilized culture refers to the life of human groups. Civilization is on the outside, which belongs to the material aspect. Cultural bias is a spiritual aspect. " The second category regards civilization as an aggregate that embodies cultural identity and classifies cultures. Huntington, an American scholar, thinks in The Clash of Civilizations and the Reconstruction of World Order that "a civilization is the most extensive cultural entity … civilization is the highest cultural classification of people and the widest range of people’s cultural identity". This view is more representative in international academic circles, such as The Decline of the West by Bingler, Historical Research by Toynbee, and The Rise of the West-The History of Human Community by McNeill. Huntington took religion as the main symbol to define different civilizations, and divided the world after the Cold War into eight civilizations: Christian civilization, Confucian civilization, Islamic civilization, Japanese civilization, Indian civilization, Orthodox civilization, Latin American civilization and African civilization. This is similar to the four major cultural circles in the world: European and American cultural circles with Christian culture as the main body, East Asian cultural circles with Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism as the main body, South Asian cultural circles with Hinduism and Buddhism as the main body, and West Asian and North African cultural circles with Islamic culture as the main body. Comparatively speaking, "cultural circle" has been replaced by "civilization" in appellation.The number has expanded from four to many, and the same thing is that religion is the dividing standard.

Application: subjective and objective

Culture and civilization are objective academic terms, which do not reflect specific value judgments. However, in the process of practical application, it is often artificially subjective, and the more representative ones are "culture-centered theory" and "civilization superiority theory".

Cultural-centered theory takes "self" culture as the center, and holds that self-culture’s beliefs, values, lifestyles and behavioral norms are superior to "other" culture. It may be generated and used between different cultural groups, different cultural categories and different cultural regions within the same civilization, and it may also be generated and used between different civilizations. The former is like Huaxia centralism in ancient China, and the latter is like Western centralism in modern times. The theoretical point of the latter is that after the Enlightenment, bourgeois revolution and industrial revolution, western culture is more advanced and developed than the East in politics, economy, science and technology, representing historical progress and inevitability.

In view of all kinds of cultural centralism, in the second half of the 20th century, the debate between cultural universalism and cultural relativism arose all over the world. Cultural universalism holds that the truth and value of human beings are universal and absolute, and human cultures have similar goals, unified values and common laws of development, which will surely be unified under the leadership of advanced and advanced cultures. Cultural relativism is the result of reflection on deconstructing cultural universalism and facing multicultural phenomena. It emphasizes that each culture has heterogeneity and independence that other cultures cannot share. Therefore, culture is relative and cannot be compared according to a unified model. The author believes that culture has both universality and relativity. Universality is the commonality of human culture, and relativity is the individuality of various cultures. Only by recognizing the commonness of culture and respecting the individuality of culture can we break away from the stereotype of cultural centralism.

The theory of superiority of civilization is a subjective argument that advocates that one’s own civilization is superior to other civilizations in history or reality. In history, the most representative is the "white superiority theory" based on racial differences. Morgan pointed out in "Ancient Society": "Aryans and Sumerians were the first to break away from the civilized state among all branches of human beings … These two groups were essentially the founders of civilization." Because Aryans and semu are both white, some westerners draw the conclusion that white people created civilization earlier, and then form the theory of white superiority. In fact, the four ancient civilizations in the East were all multi-racial, and the yellow race, black race and white race all participated in the creation of civilizations. In reality, the most representative is the theory of stagnation of eastern civilization, which is another form of the theory of superiority of western civilization. Its main point is that the eastern civilization, which has tended to be patterned and stereotyped in philosophy, literature, education and other fields since modern times, has been in a state of stagnation and needs to be stimulated and saved by the western civilization, which has been constantly reborn and developed sharply. This argument became an excuse for colonialists to invade and expand. For example, Fukuzawa Yukichi once advocated the war of aggression against China as a "war of civilization".

In this regard, in 1853, Marx put forward the scientific conclusion of colonialism’s dual mission in two articles: British rule in India and the future result of British rule in India. "Britain has to complete its dual mission in India: one is to destroy the old Asian society; The other is the mission of reconstruction, that is, to lay a material foundation for a western-style society in Asia. " In other words, the colonialists "acted as an unconscious tool of history" while doing all the bad things. This is the dialectics of history, not the so-called victory of superior civilization.

In a word, culture and civilization need to distinguish between broad and narrow meanings according to specific contexts. The relationship between them can be analyzed from the synchronic and diachronic perspectives. The theory of cultural center and the theory of civilization superiority are the results of the subjective application of these two concepts, which should be clearly understood.

(This article is the phased achievement of the major project "Oriental Cultural History" (11-ZD 082) of the National Social Science Fund)

Source: China Social Sciences Network-China Social Sciences News

The Ministry of Education, the National Bureau of Statistics and the Ministry of Finance recently issued a statistical announcement on the implementation of national education funds in 2022. According to the announcement, the total investment in national education funds in 2022 was 6,132.914 billion yuan, exceeding 6 trillion yuan for the first time, an increase of 5.97% over the previous year. The national financial education expenditure was 4,847.291 billion yuan, an increase of 5.75% over the previous year, accounting for 4.01% of the GDP, which was "generally not less than 4%". The national general public budget for education was 3,925.696 billion yuan, an increase of 4.79% over the previous year, accounting for 15.07% of the general public budget expenditure.

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According to the theme library of Cailian, among the relevant listed companies:

Jiafa Education’s main business is research and development, production, sales, implementation of educational information products and providing related services to users. The end users of products are mainly educational management institutions at all levels and various schools including k12, secondary vocational schools and universities.

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This article comes from Cailian Association.