Xinhua News Agency, Geneva, October 31 (Reporter Shan Lei) On October 31, FIFA announced that Saudi Arabian Football Association was the only football association to submit an application for hosting the 2034 Football World Cup before the deadline.

FIFA confirmed that it has received an application from Saudi Arabia to host the 2034 World Cup, and Saudi Arabia is the only country that has expressed its interest in hosting the 2034 World Cup.

Previously, FIFA had announced that the only application for hosting the 2030 World Cup was jointly submitted by the Football Associations of Morocco, Portugal and Spain. At present, these three countries have confirmed their willingness to bid. As the centenary celebration of the World Cup will be held in 2030, FIFA plans to hold a World Cup in Uruguay, Argentina and Paraguay, and these three countries have also confirmed their willingness to host the World Cup.

Like Morocco, Portugal and Spain, Saudi Arabia still needs to pass the FIFA audit. If these bidding countries can meet the requirements of FIFA and go through the whole bidding process, then FIFA will determine its right to host at the FIFA General Assembly at the end of 2024.

Photo: Li Ming

Table tennis is a "national sport" and an exercise "artifact" for people of all ages. Research shows that students’ eyesight has improved obviously after participating in table tennis training. Table tennis can also improve reaction ability and flexibility, which is beneficial to the heart, lungs, waist, shoulders and cervical vertebrae.

First, safety. Compared with other ball games, table tennis is light and fast, and the physical damage caused to the opponent after bouncing is almost zero. Football and basketball, which have direct physical confrontation, are more likely to hurt people. Therefore, table tennis is suitable for all ages.

Second, protect your eyes. Ping-pong balls come and go fast, and the landing point is near or far, or left or right. To judge accurately, the eyes must keep a close eye on the ball and the brain must judge at high speed, which has a good effect on adjusting vision. Primary and middle school students with heavy schoolwork often play table tennis, which can effectively improve the function of ciliary muscles and prevent myopia.

Third, strengthen the brain. It is helpful to prevent Alzheimer’s disease, delay cerebral arteriosclerosis in the elderly and maintain thinking and memory.

Fourth, strong body. Playing table tennis is aerobic exercise, which can exercise cardiopulmonary function and visceral system and improve basal metabolism.

Fifth, reduce rigidity. Playing table tennis can exercise the muscles that support the balance of the body, move the parts that are usually motionless, and relieve the symptoms of back pain or stiff shoulders. Although playing table tennis has many benefits, there are also taboos, especially for the elderly, we should pay attention to the following points:

Exercise fully and turn around to warm up. Wrist, elbow, shoulder, knee, ankle and other joints should be fully active before playing ball. Playing table tennis is the same as playing tennis, and there are many turns, so it is necessary to warm up by turning.

Calm down and control the intensity. Middle-aged and elderly people can also play table tennis, but it is best to focus on fitness and play less games, not to mention being upset because of winning or losing at one time. People with poor heart function should pay special attention to it regardless of strength.

Pay attention to the surroundings, deduct less and prevent more. The playing field should be smooth and free of obstacles, and be careful not to hit the back wall or baffle when hitting the ball backwards. Old people should defend more, smash less, and don’t save the ball too actively to avoid injury. ▲

Colorful, criss-crossing, the combination of light and shadow, beautiful beyond words!

Magnificent rivers and mountains, beautiful!

The colors are dazzling and shocking!

Colorful clouds, so beautiful!

The lake is quiet and the sun sets!

Colorful, just like oil painting!

The morning sun rises, new hope, new beginning!

Flying high, exciting!

Green land, sunshine and dense bamboo forests!

Dense forests, winding paths, what a fascinating place!

Blue sky, white clouds, endless grasslands, cattle and sheep grazing with their heads down, beautiful pictures!

A beautiful picture in the sunset glow!

Castle peak, green water, colorful Woods, beautiful natural scenery, what a desirable place!

Dear friends, if you also like nature, animals, plants and beautiful things; Like reading and writing, like beautiful scenery; Then pay attention to me, and have wonderful sharing every day!

Thank you for your attention. Welcome to like, comment, collect and forward. Your encouragement is my greatest motivation!

Try these sports.

Aerobic exercise is the most effective to reduce anxiety.General aerobic exercise includes jogging, freestyle, fast cycling, skipping rope, aerobics training, fast walking and so on.

Run slowly

Jogging is the first choice for aerobic exercise. As a relaxed fitness exercise, men, women and children can choose it, and it is a national health exercise.Count the many benefits of jogging:

1. If you weigh about 54 kilograms, the heat consumed in one hour is about 420 calories (1 calorie = 4.184 joules) under the condition of easy exercise; If the weight is about 68 kg, it is 588 calories.

2. Release muscle tension and consume excess adrenaline, thus reducing anxiety.

3. Improving cardiopulmonary function Constant jogging will increase the blood output when the heart contracts, reduce the quiet heart rate, lower blood pressure, increase the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol content in the blood, and improve physical ability.

4. Jogging with the law of metabolism and detoxification can accelerate the metabolism in the body, delay the aging of body functions, and excrete excess substances such as toxins in the body with sweat and urine.

5. Relieving psychological stress improves the level of serotonin and endorphins in the brain, thus resisting the invasion of depression.

Precautions:

1. Buying a pair of good shoes can minimize the impact on joints.

2. Avoid running on hard ground, preferably grass, mud, mud track or solid beach.

3. Persistence is the key to exercise, so that the effect will be obvious.

If you can’t exercise outdoors because of the weather, the road is not soft enough or the air pollution, the automatic treadmill is also possible.

Swim

Swimming is also a particularly good sport. It has many advantages, such as:

1. Enhance myocardial function When people exercise in water, all organs participate in it, which consumes more energy and accelerates blood circulation, so as to supply more nutrients to the exercise organs.

2. It is suitable for people with muscle or bone problems, injuries or arthritis. Swimming has the least impact on the bones of these people, which is more suitable than other sports.

3. Make the body symmetrical and fit. People who swim regularly will be more symmetrical and fit, giving people a feeling of vitality. Of course, different exercise time has different fitness effects. Aerobic exercise, 20 ~ 30 minutes, 4 ~ 5 times a week. Just to relax, breaststroke is the best choice. Not only strengthens the body, but also relaxes the mood.

Precautions:

1. The concentration of chlorine disinfection in some swimming pools is too high, which will irritate people’s eyes, skin or hair, and the tight silicone swimming cap will damage hair. In addition, there are many germs in the water, so we must pay attention to taking a bath and gargling in time after swimming, and it is best to drop some eye drops if possible.

2. Make preparations before launching, and warm-up exercise is indispensable to prevent sports injuries.

3. Try not to swim for people with one of the following diseases: ① severe heart disease; 2 blood pressure is particularly high; ③ Epilepsy; ④ Hepatitis; ⑤ otitis media; ⑥ Gynecological inflammation; ⑦ Broken skin (with wound); (8) Infectious diseases; Pet-name ruby asthma attack; Attending a cold, fever, cough, etc.

Ride a bicycle

Cycling has many benefits. Cycling has become a popular sport in recent years. Like running and swimming, it is also an endurance exercise that can best improve people’s cardiopulmonary function.

1. Prevent brain aging, improve the agility of nervous system, and have the function of decompressing and refreshing. The results of modern sports medicine research show that riding a bicycle is a contralateral exercise, and alternately pedaling the legs can develop the functions of the left and right brain at the same time, preventing premature aging and neglect.

2. Improve cardiopulmonary function, exercise muscle strength of lower limbs and enhance overall endurance. Cycling exercise has the same endurance exercise effect on internal organs as swimming and running. This exercise not only mobilized the muscles of the whole body, but also exercised the joints and ligaments.

Precautions:

1. Choose a suitable bike, and of course, you should pay attention to the correct riding posture.

2. In order to achieve the effect of aerobic exercise to relax and reduce anxiety, the speed requirement is still relatively high, about 24 kilometers per hour, that is, you have to ride 1 kilometer in two and a half minutes. Of course, good road conditions and fewer vehicles are the best, and safety is the first priority.

3. Wear a helmet when riding a bike, and avoid riding a bike at night. It can be faster on a flat road. When the weather is fine, riding a bicycle is a pleasure. It is best to have a beautiful environment, fewer vehicles and a dedicated bicycle lane. If conditions do not permit, an indoor fixed bicycle is also possible.

Jumping rope

There is a saying called "one jump, ten years younger". Some fitness experts especially admire skipping.

French fitness expert Mock specially designed a "gradual skipping plan" for female bodybuilders: at the beginning, you only jump in the same place for 1 minute, then you can jump continuously for 3 minutes after 3 months, then you can jump continuously for 10 minutes after 3 months, and after half a year, you can implement "series jumping" every day, for example, you can jump continuously for 3 minutes for 5 times until you jump continuously for half an hour. Jumping for half an hour at a time is equivalent to jogging for 90 minutes, which is already a standard aerobic exercise. At the same time, it has many advantages:

1. Simple skipping rope has a variety of patterns, which can be simple and complicated, can be done at any time, and can be learned as soon as it is learned. It is especially suitable for fitness in the low temperature season, and it is especially suitable for women. In terms of the amount of exercise, skipping rope for 10 minutes is almost the same as jogging for 30 minutes or dancing for 20 minutes, which can be described as aerobic exercise with less time consumption and high energy consumption.

2. Jumping rope by exercising various organs can enhance the functions of cardiovascular system, respiratory system and nervous system. Studies have confirmed that skipping rope can prevent many diseases such as diabetes, arthritis, obesity, osteoporosis, hypertension, muscular atrophy, hyperlipidemia, insomnia, depression, menopausal syndrome and so on. For lactating and menopausal women, skipping also has the positive effect of relaxing emotions, which is also beneficial to women’s mental health and anxiety patients.

3. Skipping rope is the most healthy brain. Chinese medicine believes that the foot is the root of the human body. Skipping rope can promote circulation, make people feel comfortable and walk effectively, and can play the roles of dredging meridians, strengthening brain and warming viscera.

Precautions:

1. Skippers should wear soft and light high-heeled shoes to avoid ankle injury.

2. Generally, the rope should be 60 ~ 70cm longer than the height, preferably soft and hard, with moderate thickness. Beginners should usually use hard ropes, but they can be changed to soft ropes after proficiency.

3. Choose lawn, wooden floor and mud floor with moderate hardness. Never jump rope on hard concrete floor to avoid damaging joints and easily causing dizziness.

4. When skipping rope, hold your thumb and index finger lightly with both hands, and put other fingers on the handle easily without exerting force. In addition, hold your head high, look at the front 5 ~ 6 meters, and feel the movement of your knees and ankles. Toe and heel need to be coordinated hard to prevent sprain.

Fat people and middle-aged women should use their feet to rise and fall at the same time. At the same time, don’t jump too high to avoid joint injury due to too much load.

Content source: People’s Health Publishing House published "Relieve Anxiety"

Recently, Weilai has successively signed strategic agreements with Changan and Geely to cooperate in the field of power exchange; Mercedes-Benz and BMW jointly build an overcharge network in China; Tesla’s overcharge network is further open to non-Tesla owners.

Huawei and Chang ‘an set up a joint venture company for automotive intelligent systems, which is expected to attract FAW, BAIC, JAC, Chery, Celeste and other car companies to jointly invest and form an industrial alliance in the field of automotive intelligence.

Next door, Xingji Meizu, a Geely department, has also begun to build an open platform of "Unbounded Wisdom", aiming at empowering car companies with their ecological capabilities.

Various forces are camping in China market and grabbing positions. With the rapid progress of technology and the continuous emergence of innovative forces, a brand-new and more grand chapter of the era of electric intelligence is slowly opening, and its far-reaching influence and profound changes will exceed our imagination.

Mercedes-Benz and BMW announced that they will jointly build an overcharged network in China.

Event overviewOn November 30th, Mercedes-Benz (China) Investment Co., Ltd. and BMW Brilliance Automobile Co., Ltd. announced that they have signed a cooperation agreement, and they will set up a joint venture company in China with a share ratio of 50:50 to operate a super charging network in China market.

The new joint venture company will build at least 1,000 super charging stations and about 7,000 super charging piles in China. The first batch of charging stations are planned to start operation in key new energy automobile cities in China from 2024, and the subsequent construction of charging stations will also cover other cities and regions in China.

At the same time, in addition to providing exclusive services for owners of Mercedes-Benz and BMW, such as plug-and-charge and online booking, it will also be open to users of other brands of electric vehicles.

commentThis seems to be a heavy news, but when you think about it, you don’t think it’s that heavy.

I feel heavy because it is "unusual". Both Mercedes-Benz and BMW regard each other as their biggest competitors in China, both in terms of brand and sales volume. As far as I know, even the adoption of Mercedes-Benz logo or BMW logo in the pictures of news release by the media has become one of the KPIs of the communication department. The combination of these two enterprises brings a sense of contrast and drama.

I don’t think it is so heavy because the construction volume of the new joint venture company is too small. It is mentioned in the plan that "1,000 charging stations (including 7,000 charging piles) will be built", and the data of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology show that the number of charging piles for new energy vehicles in China is 6.278 million. 7,000 compared with 6.278 million, which can be ignored.

Closer to home, the cooperation between Mercedes-Benz and BMW is reasonable for three reasons. First, the China market is very important to both companies. According to the statistics in the first three quarters, Mercedes-Benz sold 1,529,800 vehicles worldwide, China accounted for 578,700 vehicles, and China accounted for 37.8% of the global total. This figure for BMW is 37.2%. According to the historical data trend, this proportion will only get higher and higher. Because China is very important, it is reasonable to build infrastructure. Then why not use the infrastructure of a third-party organization? The next one will talk about it.

Second, because the new forces in China have formed a certain scale of recharging network and recharging network, and they are likely to form a recharging alliance with traditional car companies, with a huge momentum. The exclusive recharge network is an important factor affecting consumers’ decision to buy trams. Most of the two current energy-replenishing networks are provided by third-party suppliers such as Star Charging and Special Calls, but they are only labeled with their own brand logo. In other words, it will make the owner feel a lack of exclusivity and dignity.

Third, the over-filled piles are too expensive. According to public data, the construction cost of a super charging pile is about 200,000-300,000 RMB, and sometimes additional land cost and power supply access cost may be required. Based on at least 7,000 pieces disclosed in the announcement, that is 2.1 billion yuan. Crucially, 7,000 trees scattered on the land of China are almost "a drop in the bucket", and users hardly feel the concept of "network", just sporadic sites. Cooperation between the two companies can save some money. Then why not cooperate with Audi? That’s because Volkswagen Group owns a charging pile company called Camys in China. In the future, Audi, Porsche and other brands of Volkswagen Group may take this route layout.

Regarding the cooperation between Mercedes-Benz and BMW, it is worrying that the 50:50 share ratio of the new joint venture company will encounter a lot of troubles in implementation and increase the process. However, two companies with different tonality will inevitably encounter disagreement when jointly building charging piles.

Weilai and Geely cooperate in power exchange business

Event overviewOn November 29th, according to the official WeChat of Weilai and Geely Holding Group, they signed a strategic cooperation agreement on battery replacement in Hangzhou on the same day, and the two sides will carry out comprehensive cooperation in battery replacement standards, battery replacement technology, battery replacement service network construction and operation, battery replacement vehicle research and development and customization, battery asset management and operation and other fields.

According to the content of the agreement, Geely and Weilai will jointly build two major power exchange standard systems, namely "private car" and "operating car", through the mode of "joint investment, joint construction, sharing and joint operation", accelerate the communication and cooperation of vehicle terminal, station terminal, battery terminal and operation terminal, and expand the scale of power exchange network. At the same time, the two sides will also establish an efficient battery asset management system, establish a unified power exchange operation management system, and jointly develop power exchange passenger cars that are suitable for the power exchange systems of both sides.

commentLast week, Weilai just signed a cooperation agreement with Chang ‘an to jointly develop the power exchange business. From the cooperation content, the two cooperations are basically the same. This time it belongs to the expansion of "changing friends circle". According to Li Bin, chairman of Weilai, there are still 4-5 companies talking about it.

Since 2020, a series of documents, such as the Development Plan of New Energy Vehicle Industry (2021-2035), the Implementation Opinions on Further Improving the Service Support Capacity of Charging and Replacing Infrastructure, and the Notice on Starting the Pilot Application of New Energy Vehicle Replacement Mode, have been issued, which indicates that the replacement mode will become one of the main ways to replenish energy for electric vehicles and be vigorously developed.

Last week, we also mentioned that as more and more enterprises join the power exchange mode led by Weilai, it is expected to usher in the unification of industry standards, realize accelerated popularization, and bring a qualitative leap to the charging experience of electric vehicles.

Xingji Meizu followed the example of "Huawei mode" and built a car.

Event overview:On November 30th, Xingji Meizu held an autumn conference. In addition to mobile phones and AR products, Shen Ziyu, chairman of Xingji Meizu Group, announced that it will launch the "Unbounded Zhixing" platform to share the core capabilities of Flyme Auto with other car machines. At the same time, Meizu will rely on the manufacturing capacity of Geely Group to launch the first car MEIZU DreamCar MX, and the co-creation plan of this car will be launched in the first quarter of 2024.

comment: Let’s look at Flyme Auto first. This is the car system developed by Xingji Meizu. It has been announced that it will be carried on the Link 08. Now it’s a step further. The company will open the core competence of Flyme Auto to other brands through Flyme OS (Unbounded Smart Platform). For example, the polar star Polestar OS has been connected to the platform. To put it simply, Lectra 08 is equipped with Flyme Auto ontology, while Polestar OS is a car system based on Flyme Auto and according to the requirements and tonality of Polar Star brand.

In the future, the Unbounded Zhixing platform will also empower other brands’ car systems in this way, and even the LinkedIn 06 equipped with related systems will be sold in Meizu stores in the future. This model is similar to Huawei’s HarmonyOS Zhixing. The only difference is that Huawei empowers other car companies, while Xingji Meizu itself is a Geely company, which empowers brands under Geely Group.

This means that there can be no Geely name among Huawei’s smart car selection business partners. In the new joint venture between Changan and Huawei, Geely also has a high probability of not joining the ranks of shareholders.

As for Meizu building a car, it is actually not difficult. Compared with Xiaomi’s hard-earned qualification, Meizu can directly use Geely’s manufacturing ability. The gimmick of the new car is that it allows users to deeply participate in customization, including defining a lot of personalized details such as painting, interior and car theme-this seems to be nothing new.

In modern society, the image of an individual is not only the appearance of the dress, but also the hairstyle we choose. Different hairstyles can show different personalities and styles, so it is very important to choose a hairstyle that suits you. This article will introduce four common hairstyles, and explain their characteristics and advantages to help you find the most suitable fashion charm.

First, the swallow-tailed hair style

Swallowtail hair style is a popular fashion hairstyle in recent years, which is characterized by a slightly longer but thinner hair tail, hot and fluffy hair at the back of the head and thinner hair tail.

This hairstyle can trim the face, make the face look smaller, and at the same time show a clean, simple and generous feeling. In the choice of hair color, the swallowtail hair type is suitable for choosing versatile brown color, which is not only fashionable but also won’t show old age.

This hairstyle is suitable for all kinds of occasions, whether it is daily life or workplace work, it can show a unique style. No matter young people or middle-aged people, as long as they match their own clothes, they can show different charms.

Second, the wave head straight hair

Bobo straight hair is a classic hairstyle, which is characterized by trimming the hair to shoulder length, trimming the hair tail lightly and finely, and presenting a neat and generous style as a whole.

This hairstyle is suitable for all kinds of face shapes, which can trim the face shape and show a clean and neat feeling.

At the same time, the straight hair of bobo head is suitable for all kinds of occasions, whether it is daily life or workplace work, it can show a unique style.

For those women who are looking for age reduction and fresh feeling, bobo straight hair is a good choice. It is also very convenient to take care of, just use a hair dryer and a circular comb to gently comb.

Third, chocolate hair dyeing

Chocolate hair dyeing is a natural way of hair dyeing, and its color is close to chocolate color, so it is called chocolate hair dyeing.

This dyeing method can make the hair appear natural and soft, even if the new hair grows out, there will be no obvious color difference, which can be well connected.

In addition, chocolate dyeing is less harmful to hair, compared with other dyeing methods. For those who don’t want to try too obvious hair dyeing methods, chocolate hair dyeing is a good choice.

At the same time, chocolate dyeing can increase the luster of hair and make it look healthier and more textured.

Fourth, full head perm

Full-head perm is a kind of hair style with fluffy feeling, mainly in small and medium curls, with good elasticity.

This hairstyle has a good cosmetic effect for women with flat back, a little messy and looks very young.

Middle-aged women can be several years younger after ironing. For women with a small amount of hair, it is best to choose a full-face BOBO head. The rich curly shape increases the sense of volume of the whole hair, and the curly hair can also have a good softening effect on the whole face.

Full-head perm is very simple to manage. Usually, you can apply some moisturizing styling products and grab your hair. It looks full of elasticity and special shape. This hairstyle is suitable for most women, low-key and fashionable.

To sum up, different hairstyles can show different personalities and styles. Swallowtail hair, bobo straight hair, chocolate hair and full-head perm are all very popular hair styles. Each hairstyle has its own unique characteristics and advantages. You can choose your own hairstyle according to your face, hair quality and personal preference. At the same time, with the right clothes and makeup, you can show your fashion charm.

Authors: Wang Ruliang, Hou Chuanwen (School of History, Nanjing University, College of Literature, Qingdao University)

Culture and civilization are two important categories in the field of humanities and social sciences, and they are also a pair of terms with similarities and differences and complicated relations. There have always been different views on the connotation and extension of the two and the relationship between them, or different perspectives, or positions first, and no relatively consistent and clear understanding has been formed. The author tries to distinguish it from a comprehensive perspective.

Definition: broad sense and narrow sense

From the perspective of etymology, the original meaning of "culture" is cultivation and farming. Compared with nature, everything created by human processing belongs to culture. Therefore, one of the most extensive definitions of culture is "culture is humanization", which means all human activities and their achievements. Taylor, a British cultural anthropologist, put forward in his book Primitive Culture that "culture or civilization, in its broad ethnological sense, is a complex whole including knowledge, faith, art, morality, law, customs and the abilities and habits acquired by anyone as a member of society". He regards culture and civilization as synonyms and refers to them as the overall achievement of human activities.

Culture in a broad sense can be divided into material, system, custom, spirit and other levels: material culture refers to the results created by manual labor; Institutional culture, including macro-level laws and regulations, administrative system and micro-level rules and regulations; Custom culture refers to customs, traditions and practices that have been established and passed down from generation to generation; Spiritual culture refers to the achievements of human spiritual activities with literature, history, philosophy, ethics, religion and aesthetics as the main connotations. Culture in a narrow sense mainly refers to human spiritual activities and their achievements, which is the fourth level in the above broad understanding. Marxism holds that "a certain culture is the ideological reflection of politics and economy in a certain society", and regards culture as a certain ideological form, that is, it belongs to a narrow understanding.

The word "civilization" originated from the ancient Latin civis and civilis, its original meaning is urban residents, and it is extended to the citizenship of the Romans, which means that it is superior to the living conditions of foreigners at that time, especially barbarians, so "civilization" is relative to "savage" or "primitive". However, the evolution and use of "civilization" in later generations are far more complicated. Fukuzawa Yukichi, a modern Japanese enlightenment thinker, pointed out: "The meaning of civilization can be interpreted in a broad sense and a narrow sense. In a narrow sense, it is simply to increase the material needs of human beings by manpower or to increase the appearance decoration of food, clothing and shelter. If interpreted in a broad sense, it is not only to pursue the enjoyment of food, clothing and shelter, but also to inspire Xiu De and raise mankind to a noble realm. " That is to say, the narrow sense of civilization is limited to the development in the material field, while the broad sense of civilization includes the development in the material field and the progress in the spiritual field. In his understanding, man is a senior life pursuing meaning, and naturally he should not be satisfied with food and clothing for a while; Civilization is dynamic, and awakening, independence and civilization are the only way for a nation to achieve civilization. In the context of China, the word "civilization" is often understood in its broad sense. For example, the Encyclopedia of China (Philosophical Volume) interprets civilization as the sum of material and spiritual achievements of human beings in transforming the world, and the History of Chinese Civilization edited by Yuan Xingpei also decomposes civilization into three aspects in its general introduction: material civilization, political civilization and spiritual civilization.

Relationship: diachronic and synchronic

From the diachronic point of view, "civilization" is the product of the development of culture to a certain stage, and the two have their own priorities. In a broad sense, culture is humanization. Since people came into being, there has been conscious or unconscious cultural creation, but not since people came into being. In this sense, civilization is a concept that represents the evolution of human history, as opposed to the uncivilized and barbaric cultural state. This can also be derived from the western etymology of the two: the root of culture, whose original meaning is farming, originated from the early agricultural production mode of human beings, and the root of civilization, whose original meaning is urban and civil, originated from the urban life that appeared in the later period of human beings.

The discussion on the symbol of civilization mainly focuses on the following aspects: politically, there are large urban settlements, magnificent public buildings, obvious class division of residents and the formation of a country; Economically, there is a developed social division of labor and commodity exchange, a relatively fixed tax system or a regular tribute system; Ideologically, there are relatively unified religious beliefs of the whole nation, including objects of worship and sacrificial ceremonies; In culture and education, there are the use of words and the development of science and technology, and there are some forms of schools. Only a society with the above symbols and characteristics in culture can be considered as a civilized society. In other words, the formation of a civilized society needs the accumulation and breakthrough of culture and special conditions and opportunities; Civilization is the result of human beings’ transformation of nature, society and themselves to a certain extent, and it is an advanced stage of cultural development.

From a synchronic point of view, there are two main types of understanding of the relationship between them at present. In the first category, the two are regarded as synonyms, which are interlinked and cross-cutting, and can be broadly understood as human activities and their achievements, either undifferentiated or biased. The former is like Taylor’s understanding in Primitive Culture, and the latter is like Qian Mu’s point of view, "Generally civilized culture refers to the life of human groups. Civilization is on the outside, which belongs to the material aspect. Cultural bias is a spiritual aspect. " The second category regards civilization as an aggregate that embodies cultural identity and classifies cultures. Huntington, an American scholar, thinks in The Clash of Civilizations and the Reconstruction of World Order that "a civilization is the most extensive cultural entity … civilization is the highest cultural classification of people and the widest range of people’s cultural identity". This view is more representative in international academic circles, such as The Decline of the West by Bingler, Historical Research by Toynbee, and The Rise of the West-The History of Human Community by McNeill. Huntington took religion as the main symbol to define different civilizations, and divided the world after the Cold War into eight civilizations: Christian civilization, Confucian civilization, Islamic civilization, Japanese civilization, Indian civilization, Orthodox civilization, Latin American civilization and African civilization. This is similar to the four major cultural circles in the world: European and American cultural circles with Christian culture as the main body, East Asian cultural circles with Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism as the main body, South Asian cultural circles with Hinduism and Buddhism as the main body, and West Asian and North African cultural circles with Islamic culture as the main body. Comparatively speaking, "cultural circle" has been replaced by "civilization" in appellation.The number has expanded from four to many, and the same thing is that religion is the dividing standard.

Application: subjective and objective

Culture and civilization are objective academic terms, which do not reflect specific value judgments. However, in the process of practical application, it is often artificially subjective, and the more representative ones are "culture-centered theory" and "civilization superiority theory".

Cultural-centered theory takes "self" culture as the center, and holds that self-culture’s beliefs, values, lifestyles and behavioral norms are superior to "other" culture. It may be generated and used between different cultural groups, different cultural categories and different cultural regions within the same civilization, and it may also be generated and used between different civilizations. The former is like Huaxia centralism in ancient China, and the latter is like Western centralism in modern times. The theoretical point of the latter is that after the Enlightenment, bourgeois revolution and industrial revolution, western culture is more advanced and developed than the East in politics, economy, science and technology, representing historical progress and inevitability.

In view of all kinds of cultural centralism, in the second half of the 20th century, the debate between cultural universalism and cultural relativism arose all over the world. Cultural universalism holds that the truth and value of human beings are universal and absolute, and human cultures have similar goals, unified values and common laws of development, which will surely be unified under the leadership of advanced and advanced cultures. Cultural relativism is the result of reflection on deconstructing cultural universalism and facing multicultural phenomena. It emphasizes that each culture has heterogeneity and independence that other cultures cannot share. Therefore, culture is relative and cannot be compared according to a unified model. The author believes that culture has both universality and relativity. Universality is the commonality of human culture, and relativity is the individuality of various cultures. Only by recognizing the commonness of culture and respecting the individuality of culture can we break away from the stereotype of cultural centralism.

The theory of superiority of civilization is a subjective argument that advocates that one’s own civilization is superior to other civilizations in history or reality. In history, the most representative is the "white superiority theory" based on racial differences. Morgan pointed out in "Ancient Society": "Aryans and Sumerians were the first to break away from the civilized state among all branches of human beings … These two groups were essentially the founders of civilization." Because Aryans and semu are both white, some westerners draw the conclusion that white people created civilization earlier, and then form the theory of white superiority. In fact, the four ancient civilizations in the East were all multi-racial, and the yellow race, black race and white race all participated in the creation of civilizations. In reality, the most representative is the theory of stagnation of eastern civilization, which is another form of the theory of superiority of western civilization. Its main point is that the eastern civilization, which has tended to be patterned and stereotyped in philosophy, literature, education and other fields since modern times, has been in a state of stagnation and needs to be stimulated and saved by the western civilization, which has been constantly reborn and developed sharply. This argument became an excuse for colonialists to invade and expand. For example, Fukuzawa Yukichi once advocated the war of aggression against China as a "war of civilization".

In this regard, in 1853, Marx put forward the scientific conclusion of colonialism’s dual mission in two articles: British rule in India and the future result of British rule in India. "Britain has to complete its dual mission in India: one is to destroy the old Asian society; The other is the mission of reconstruction, that is, to lay a material foundation for a western-style society in Asia. " In other words, the colonialists "acted as an unconscious tool of history" while doing all the bad things. This is the dialectics of history, not the so-called victory of superior civilization.

In a word, culture and civilization need to distinguish between broad and narrow meanings according to specific contexts. The relationship between them can be analyzed from the synchronic and diachronic perspectives. The theory of cultural center and the theory of civilization superiority are the results of the subjective application of these two concepts, which should be clearly understood.

(This article is the phased achievement of the major project "Oriental Cultural History" (11-ZD 082) of the National Social Science Fund)

Source: China Social Sciences Network-China Social Sciences News

The Ministry of Education, the National Bureau of Statistics and the Ministry of Finance recently issued a statistical announcement on the implementation of national education funds in 2022. According to the announcement, the total investment in national education funds in 2022 was 6,132.914 billion yuan, exceeding 6 trillion yuan for the first time, an increase of 5.97% over the previous year. The national financial education expenditure was 4,847.291 billion yuan, an increase of 5.75% over the previous year, accounting for 4.01% of the GDP, which was "generally not less than 4%". The national general public budget for education was 3,925.696 billion yuan, an increase of 4.79% over the previous year, accounting for 15.07% of the general public budget expenditure.

Since 2021, due to the influence of policies and epidemic situation, the market expectation of the education industry has dropped to absolute freezing point due to panic, but the actual quality education enterprises are still struggling to survive. Analysts believe that after three years of double reduction, the current regulatory and supply-demand balance has basically reached a new state, and there is a growth path. At present, the performance changes of relevant companies are only a matter of course under the changes of policies and supply and demand, and they are optimistic about the growth of the sector in the next 3-5 years, and panic and expected changes in policies and sectors may push the valuation up gradually.

According to the theme library of Cailian, among the relevant listed companies:

Jiafa Education’s main business is research and development, production, sales, implementation of educational information products and providing related services to users. The end users of products are mainly educational management institutions at all levels and various schools including k12, secondary vocational schools and universities.

Kevin Education promotes sports, art, science and technology and language training with Kevin characteristics to the society, and provides a complete K12 stage systematic camp education.

This article comes from Cailian Association.