Author: Zang Mengya

Summer is the peak season for people to travel and spend, and the summer tourism market is more powerful. It is understood that although the single-day adult ticket price has risen to 719 yuan, Shanghai Disneyland still ushered in the peak of passenger flow at high temperature. Beijing Universal Resort is also welcoming the summer travel craze. If tourists don’t buy fast ticket products, ordinary tickets for some popular projects are likely to have to wait in line for more than three hours. Restoring and expanding consumption is an important task at present and an inevitable requirement for achieving high-quality development. Summer consumption, especially summer tourism consumption, is a good starting point. For all localities, summer tourism consumption is an opportunity and a challenge.

As consumer demand becomes more personalized, consumption scenarios become more diversified, and it is increasingly difficult for homogeneous products to be recognized by consumers. As an important group of people traveling in summer vacation, the tourist base of students and parent-child groups welcoming summer vacation is huge. For students who pursue freshness, excitement and popularity, theme parks that focus on animation and movie consumption, as well as cultural and artistic theme destinations such as museums, ancient buildings and Guofeng resorts, are popular choices for summer tourism. There are still many students who choose to travel to characteristic villages or punch in online celebrity, and these destinations provide new ways for tourists to feel a better life.

If college students tend to choose "go on road trip" and "personalized customized tour" to enjoy the hard-won long vacation, then primary and secondary school students and parents prefer "study tour" which is entertaining and entertaining, making the summer vacation full and meaningful. Some traditional tourist attractions have launched research tourism products such as "punching cards with textbooks" by excavating the knowledge in primary and secondary school textbooks, so that students can feel the cultural background and historical allusions in textbooks on the spot.

However, the "pain points" such as the pressure of transportation, the difficulty of getting a ticket in many theme parks and museums, and the high prices of tickets and accommodation reflect the difficulties in the development of the summer tourism market, and also inject some cold thinking into the "hot" summer tourism market. Summer tourism consumption is different from the usual small holiday tourism consumption, which can meet the longer and deeper tourism needs of tourists, and the quality and service level of tourism products have a more "deep" impact on tourists accordingly. This requires tourism practitioners to constantly enrich product supply, adjust product supply structure, respond to market changes in time, truly grasp the hearts of consumers, and gain a firm foothold in the fierce summer tourism market competition.

In view of this, in the context of the overall recovery of tourism, all relevant departments in various localities should optimize the tourism market environment, strengthen strict supervision of scenic spots and platforms, and improve the standards and systems of tourism industry, which is related to the expansion and upgrading of tourism in various localities and the transformation and development of economy and society. The summer tourism data forecast of several online travel platforms shows that the summer tourism market in 2023 is expected to surpass the same period in 2019. Tourism-related enterprises should seize the opportunity of industry recovery, win the summer tourism consumption market, and make further progress on the basis of the substantial improvement of previous performance. (Zang Mengya)

Source: Economic Daily

Secrets about private parts: Many girls may not know.

Many of us especially like to see a doctor. I have a long thing here and a long thing there. First of all, let’s know what the vagina is made of. We are a non-keratinized floating squamous epithelium, which is wrinkled and very extensible.

Why is this happening? It is to prepare for childbirth. In the process of delivery, we have a baby weighing 7 kg and 6 liang who can be delivered from the vagina, relying on the wrinkled wall of our vagina. So we often touch it at the vaginal opening or by hand, and always feel that it is not flat inside, so it is uneven.

It is a trumpet-shaped, small outside and wide inside. This trumpet-shaped one covers our cervix.

Another question is, will my size match it? Anyway, its size will match. Why? I told you that it is very malleable. When yours grows, it can become longer, and when it is short, it will not grow, so it has this feature.

Another is its length, and the length of the front and rear walls is different. The length of the front wall is 7-9 cm, and the length of the vagina at the back wall is 9-12 cm. Its length is completely enough for us. Our male genitals and the fetus can bear it when the baby is delivered.

Try these sports.

Aerobic exercise is the most effective to reduce anxiety.General aerobic exercise includes jogging, freestyle, fast cycling, skipping rope, aerobics training, fast walking and so on.

Run slowly

Jogging is the first choice for aerobic exercise. As a relaxed fitness exercise, men, women and children can choose it, and it is a national health exercise.Count the many benefits of jogging:

1. If you weigh about 54 kilograms, the heat consumed in one hour is about 420 calories (1 calorie = 4.184 joules) under the condition of easy exercise; If the weight is about 68 kg, it is 588 calories.

2. Release muscle tension and consume excess adrenaline, thus reducing anxiety.

3. Improving cardiopulmonary function Constant jogging will increase the blood output when the heart contracts, reduce the quiet heart rate, lower blood pressure, increase the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol content in the blood, and improve physical ability.

4. Jogging with the law of metabolism and detoxification can accelerate the metabolism in the body, delay the aging of body functions, and excrete excess substances such as toxins in the body with sweat and urine.

5. Relieving psychological stress improves the level of serotonin and endorphins in the brain, thus resisting the invasion of depression.

Precautions:

1. Buying a pair of good shoes can minimize the impact on joints.

2. Avoid running on hard ground, preferably grass, mud, mud track or solid beach.

3. Persistence is the key to exercise, so that the effect will be obvious.

If you can’t exercise outdoors because of the weather, the road is not soft enough or the air pollution, the automatic treadmill is also possible.

Swim

Swimming is also a particularly good sport. It has many advantages, such as:

1. Enhance myocardial function When people exercise in water, all organs participate in it, which consumes more energy and accelerates blood circulation, so as to supply more nutrients to the exercise organs.

2. It is suitable for people with muscle or bone problems, injuries or arthritis. Swimming has the least impact on the bones of these people, which is more suitable than other sports.

3. Make the body symmetrical and fit. People who swim regularly will be more symmetrical and fit, giving people a feeling of vitality. Of course, different exercise time has different fitness effects. Aerobic exercise, 20 ~ 30 minutes, 4 ~ 5 times a week. Just to relax, breaststroke is the best choice. Not only strengthens the body, but also relaxes the mood.

Precautions:

1. The concentration of chlorine disinfection in some swimming pools is too high, which will irritate people’s eyes, skin or hair, and the tight silicone swimming cap will damage hair. In addition, there are many germs in the water, so we must pay attention to taking a bath and gargling in time after swimming, and it is best to drop some eye drops if possible.

2. Make preparations before launching, and warm-up exercise is indispensable to prevent sports injuries.

3. Try not to swim for people with one of the following diseases: ① severe heart disease; 2 blood pressure is particularly high; ③ Epilepsy; ④ Hepatitis; ⑤ otitis media; ⑥ Gynecological inflammation; ⑦ Broken skin (with wound); (8) Infectious diseases; Pet-name ruby asthma attack; Attending a cold, fever, cough, etc.

Ride a bicycle

Cycling has many benefits. Cycling has become a popular sport in recent years. Like running and swimming, it is also an endurance exercise that can best improve people’s cardiopulmonary function.

1. Prevent brain aging, improve the agility of nervous system, and have the function of decompressing and refreshing. The results of modern sports medicine research show that riding a bicycle is a contralateral exercise, and alternately pedaling the legs can develop the functions of the left and right brain at the same time, preventing premature aging and neglect.

2. Improve cardiopulmonary function, exercise muscle strength of lower limbs and enhance overall endurance. Cycling exercise has the same endurance exercise effect on internal organs as swimming and running. This exercise not only mobilized the muscles of the whole body, but also exercised the joints and ligaments.

Precautions:

1. Choose a suitable bike, and of course, you should pay attention to the correct riding posture.

2. In order to achieve the effect of aerobic exercise to relax and reduce anxiety, the speed requirement is still relatively high, about 24 kilometers per hour, that is, you have to ride 1 kilometer in two and a half minutes. Of course, good road conditions and fewer vehicles are the best, and safety is the first priority.

3. Wear a helmet when riding a bike, and avoid riding a bike at night. It can be faster on a flat road. When the weather is fine, riding a bicycle is a pleasure. It is best to have a beautiful environment, fewer vehicles and a dedicated bicycle lane. If conditions do not permit, an indoor fixed bicycle is also possible.

Jumping rope

There is a saying called "one jump, ten years younger". Some fitness experts especially admire skipping.

French fitness expert Mock specially designed a "gradual skipping plan" for female bodybuilders: at the beginning, you only jump in the same place for 1 minute, then you can jump continuously for 3 minutes after 3 months, then you can jump continuously for 10 minutes after 3 months, and after half a year, you can implement "series jumping" every day, for example, you can jump continuously for 3 minutes for 5 times until you jump continuously for half an hour. Jumping for half an hour at a time is equivalent to jogging for 90 minutes, which is already a standard aerobic exercise. At the same time, it has many advantages:

1. Simple skipping rope has a variety of patterns, which can be simple and complicated, can be done at any time, and can be learned as soon as it is learned. It is especially suitable for fitness in the low temperature season, and it is especially suitable for women. In terms of the amount of exercise, skipping rope for 10 minutes is almost the same as jogging for 30 minutes or dancing for 20 minutes, which can be described as aerobic exercise with less time consumption and high energy consumption.

2. Jumping rope by exercising various organs can enhance the functions of cardiovascular system, respiratory system and nervous system. Studies have confirmed that skipping rope can prevent many diseases such as diabetes, arthritis, obesity, osteoporosis, hypertension, muscular atrophy, hyperlipidemia, insomnia, depression, menopausal syndrome and so on. For lactating and menopausal women, skipping also has the positive effect of relaxing emotions, which is also beneficial to women’s mental health and anxiety patients.

3. Skipping rope is the most healthy brain. Chinese medicine believes that the foot is the root of the human body. Skipping rope can promote circulation, make people feel comfortable and walk effectively, and can play the roles of dredging meridians, strengthening brain and warming viscera.

Precautions:

1. Skippers should wear soft and light high-heeled shoes to avoid ankle injury.

2. Generally, the rope should be 60 ~ 70cm longer than the height, preferably soft and hard, with moderate thickness. Beginners should usually use hard ropes, but they can be changed to soft ropes after proficiency.

3. Choose lawn, wooden floor and mud floor with moderate hardness. Never jump rope on hard concrete floor to avoid damaging joints and easily causing dizziness.

4. When skipping rope, hold your thumb and index finger lightly with both hands, and put other fingers on the handle easily without exerting force. In addition, hold your head high, look at the front 5 ~ 6 meters, and feel the movement of your knees and ankles. Toe and heel need to be coordinated hard to prevent sprain.

Fat people and middle-aged women should use their feet to rise and fall at the same time. At the same time, don’t jump too high to avoid joint injury due to too much load.

Content source: People’s Health Publishing House published "Relieve Anxiety"

2022 FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 has already begun. In 2010, Qatar won the right to host the 2022 World Cup and became the first Middle Eastern country to host this football feast.

This is the first time that the World Cup has been held in the Gulf region, and it is also the first time that it has been played in the northern hemisphere in winter.

So what is football? What are the basic rules of football? Let’s learn about football today.

Football is a sport in which the feet are the mainstay, the ball is controlled and dominated, and two teams attack and defend each other on the same rectangular court according to certain rules.

Football is called because of its strong antagonism, changeable tactics and large number of participants.“The first movement in the world ".

The predecessor of modern football originated fromChinaThe ancient ball game "Cuju" in Zizhou, Shandong Province (now Zibo City) was spread to Europe by Arabs and gradually evolved into modern football.

Modern football originated in England. In 1848, the Cambridge Rules, the first written rule in the history of football, was born. On October 26th, 1863, England established the first football association in the world, and unified the competition rules of football.

In 1872, the first official match between football associations was held between England and Scotland. In 1900, in the Second Summer Olympic Games, football was included as an official event.

The highest organization of football is the International Football Federation, which was founded in 1904 and headquartered in Zurich, Switzerland. The highest organization in China is the Chinese Football Association, which was established in Beijing on January 3rd, 1955.

The competition is divided into two teams, each team11 people(Generally speaking, each team is allowed to replace three substitute players during the game), and one of them must be a goalkeeper. The whole game is 90 minutes, which is divided into upper and lower halves, with each half lasting 45 minutes.

The rest time between the first half and the second halfNo more than 15 minutes.. There is a referee and two sideline referees in the game. In each half, the referee can make up time according to the injuries and time-consuming substitution on the field.

If the game must be decided, if the two teams draw within 90 minutes, overtime will be played for 15 minutes in the first half and 15 minutes in the second half. If the game is still tied, it will be passed.have a penalty kickThe winner is decided.

If the football completely crosses the sideline, it willPenalty for throwing a foul ball. After the player touches the ball out of the bottom line of his own goal, he will be awarded a corner kick.

When passing the ball forward, there must be two opposing players between the attacking player who receives the ball and the goal, otherwise it will be judged offside.

A player who fouls in his own restricted area will be awarded a penalty. If the penalty is saved by the goalkeeper or kicked on the post, the game will continue. However, in penalty shoot-out, if the football hits the doorpost and bounces back, it can’t be shot again.

A foul outside the penalty area will give the opponent a free kick. If the free kick is near the penalty area, the opposing defender can build a human wall.

Direct free kicks can be shot directly, while indirect free kicks must have a pass before shooting. When serious fouls and violations occur, the referee will show a yellow card to warn him. If the fouler gets a second yellow card warning or a malicious foul, the referee will show a red card and send him off.

The game time should be divided into two equal halves, 45 minutes for each half and 90 minutes for each game.

See here, do you know anything about football? You don’t have to worry about others getting in the way when watching the ball.

Hairstyle, as an important part of people’s daily life, has always been concerned and pursued by people. From ancient hairstyles to modern hairstyles, people are constantly exploring and innovating. Today, I have arranged several fashionable hairstyles for you, so let’s enjoy and learn together.

露耳短发是近年来非常流行的发型之一，它简单清爽，非常适合夏季的穿搭。

在露耳短发的基础上，我们可以尝试推边不连接的发型，这种发型有些镂空的效果，让整个发型看起来更加清爽有型。

这款发型适合有点骨感的脸型，可以修饰脸型轮廓，让整个人看起来更加精神和时尚。

发色在造型中扮演着非常重要的角色，如果您已经厌倦了单一的发色，那么这款创意发色波波头绝对能满足您的要求。

这款发型融合了多种颜色的染发效果，让整个发型看起来非常新奇有趣。

而且波波头的设计可以让头发看起来更加丰盈和自然，让您的造型更加有层次感。

卷发一直以来都是时尚圈中不可或缺的一部分，如果您想尝试一款特别的卷发发型，那么羊毛卷长发一定是您的不二选择。

这种发型采用比较小的卷发设计，让整个发型看起来非常蓬松，让人看起来更加洋气时尚。

如果您想让卷发更加有层次感，可以在头发的表面上添加一些高光效果，让整个发型看起来更加生动活泼。

如果您想尝试一款既美观又实用的长发发型，那么大夹子半扎长卷发一定是您的不二选择。

This hairstyle pulls up a part of the hair, making the whole hairstyle look more neat and clean, while retaining the layering and softness of the hair.

The design of the big clip is also very fashionable, which can make the whole shape more temperament.

Summary: Hairstyle is an indispensable part of fashion circle, which can not only change a person’s appearance image, but also express a person’s personality and attitude.

When choosing a hairstyle, we need to consider our face, hair quality, personal preferences and other factors, and choose a hairstyle that suits us to achieve the best results.

In addition to the above hairstyles, there are many other hairstyles for us to choose from, such as retro curly hair, short hair shawl, medium and long hair waves and so on. Different hairstyles are suitable for different occasions and personal styles. We can choose the hairstyle that suits us best according to our own needs and preferences.

Besides the hairstyle itself, we also need to pay attention to the care and maintenance of the hairstyle. Hair care can affect the effect and durability of hair style, so we need to choose shampoo and conditioner that suits us, and carry out in-depth care regularly to make our hair healthier and more beautiful.

When choosing hairstyles, we can also refer to the hairstyles of some famous stars, such as Song Hye Kyo, Dilraba, Liu Shishi and so on.

Their hairstyles are not only fashionable and beautiful, but also very representative, which can provide us with a lot of inspiration and reference.

Finally, hairstyle is a way to express personal style and attitude. Let us show our personality and charm by choosing a hairstyle that suits us, and make ourselves more confident and beautiful in life.

The word culture is difficult to generalize.

What I see most on the Internet is a summary by the writer Liang Xiaosheng.

Liang Xiaosheng said: "Culture" can be expressed in four sentences:

Cultivation rooted in the heart;

Consciousness without reminding;

Freedom based on constraints;

Kindness for others.

These four sentences are regarded as the standard by many people.

On various occasions, repeated quotations are quite ostentatious.

But, with all due respect, I still don’t understand,

What exactly do these four sentences mean?

What are the connections between the four sentences?

As for the four sentences, I’m sorry,

Leave the manuscript, I didn’t remember a word!

Speaking of which, someone asked,

Old Zhan, you think Liang Xiaosheng’s four sentences are meaningless and inaccurate.

So how about you, old Zhan, redefine the definition?

Hey hey, well, it really won’t beat me.

Lao Zhan’s definition of culture is quite simple and easy to remember.

In my opinion, the so-called culture is,

A unit, a group, or an individual is formed by long-term coexistence.

Common view of right and wrong and aesthetics.

For example.

A girl married a young man and became a daughter-in-law.

When you first enter the house, there are rules everywhere.

When you meet the old man, you must be respectful, and you can’t be no big or small, and you are arrogant.

When eating, be sure not to talk, laugh, laugh and fight.

Only these two, the girl can’t stand it,

Because, in her home, when she meets her parents, she can pat her shoulder and call her by her first name.

When eating, you can do whatever you like, and no one can control it. It’s quite free.

Look at it. After years of getting along, two families have formed different views on right and wrong and aesthetics.

In other words, different cultures have been formed,

This family thinks it’s right, and that family says it’s wrong.

What this family thinks is beautiful, what that family thinks is ugly,

Because of different cultures, there is a conflict.

Therefore, the new wife feels very uncomfortable.

This new home, too, feels uncomfortable with her.

Reason, it’s as simple as that,

See the big with the small, and the small can be compared with the big.

This is true not only for families, but also for units, organizations, enterprises and even countries.

For example, in the last three years, the epidemic has exploded,

Westerners generally don’t have the habit of wearing masks. They feel awkward, ugly and ugly!

This is their culture, which has been made for many years.

The government forces them to wear it, and they don’t wear it either!

Just like us, we have never had the habit of using public chopsticks and think it is unnecessary, troublesome and uncomfortable!

Or one person with a pair of chopsticks, which one you want to eat, which one you want to eat, which is a pleasure!

This is our culture, but also for many years.

You think foreigners are strange,

Foreigners also think you are strange.

Let’s talk about old Zhan himself later.

In 2006, I went to work in the overseas edition.

As the top leader, in addition to chopping out the "three axes",

Get the income up,

Read the newspaper well,

Expand the distribution again,

In addition, there is a fourth axe, that is,

Gradually establish an overseas version.Unit culture.

I thought that a unit, from leaders to employees,

We should gradually form a common aesthetic view of right and wrong.

What is right and should be advocated?

What is wrong and should be opposed?

If you agree, things will be easy!

Strongly advocated, the unit does not need to give money to reward, and everyone consciously does it.

Firmly opposed, the unit need not criticize and punish, and everyone will not do it.

In this way, wouldn’t it be a great cost savings?

Reward and supervision cost money,

Sometimes, it even costs a lot!

So, what kind of "overseas version" should be established?Unit culture"and?

This matter has long been known,

I have thought about it several times before I took office in the overseas edition.

I’m going to, to the overseas version, let everyone gradually establish a clear "Unit culture”。

I sum it up in six words.

Entrepreneurship, dedication and happiness.

start a business—— Every employee in the unit should be brave in innovation, dare to think and venture, and boldly start a business.

be dedicated/devoted to one’s work/career-after setting a goal, we should strictly abide by it, be conscientious and never cheat.

enjoy one’s trade-the unit should create a good environment with rich income and pleasant spirit for everyone.

Simple, just these three.

Although there are only three, it actually plays a big role!

If you go to a unit, the culture advocated here is "Entrepreneurship, dedication and happiness”。

Everyone has the same goal and the same point of view.

DuyiEntrepreneurship, dedication and happinessProud, think this is right, beautiful, should be praised!

On the contrary, it is wrong and ugly and should be criticized!

Then, all employees are working for these three goals from the bottom of their hearts, working hard and struggling!

Then I believe that such a unit,

Persevere, you will gradually become vibrant, clean and upright,

Everyone is lively and everyone is happy.

Can you not like such a unit?

I once said this point at the overseas edition conference.

And said it more than once.

However, because the first three axes take up too much time and spend too much energy,

This fourth axe can only be talked about, just an idea,

Did not seriously put it into action, and did not formulate specific measures.

Therefore, this axe is just a hollow shot.

Not really cut it down!

Looking back now, if there are any regrets in this life,

This is a regret during my tenure in the overseas edition.

What a pity!

Subjectively speaking, there is not enough time and energy.

Objectively speaking, by the time of the overseas edition, Lao Zhan was 57 and a half years old.

It is only a few months away from the lever of "seven ups and eight downs".

Therefore, the organization has let me work in the overseas edition for nearly four years, and I have already "overspent".

If you want to go on doing it, you will break the rules.

That shouldn’t be and it’s impossible.

Hey, hey, that’s it, my fourth axe,

There would be no time to cut it down.

The so-called overseas version of "Unit culture"well,

It will go away, completely ruined.

Authors: Wang Ruliang, Hou Chuanwen (School of History, Nanjing University, College of Literature, Qingdao University)

Culture and civilization are two important categories in the field of humanities and social sciences, and they are also a pair of terms with similarities and differences and complicated relations. There have always been different views on the connotation and extension of the two and the relationship between them, or different perspectives, or positions first, and no relatively consistent and clear understanding has been formed. The author tries to distinguish it from a comprehensive perspective.

Definition: broad sense and narrow sense

From the perspective of etymology, the original meaning of "culture" is cultivation and farming. Compared with nature, everything created by human processing belongs to culture. Therefore, one of the most extensive definitions of culture is "culture is humanization", which means all human activities and their achievements. Taylor, a British cultural anthropologist, put forward in his book Primitive Culture that "culture or civilization, in its broad ethnological sense, is a complex whole including knowledge, faith, art, morality, law, customs and the abilities and habits acquired by anyone as a member of society". He regards culture and civilization as synonyms and refers to them as the overall achievement of human activities.

Culture in a broad sense can be divided into material, system, custom, spirit and other levels: material culture refers to the results created by manual labor; Institutional culture, including macro-level laws and regulations, administrative system and micro-level rules and regulations; Custom culture refers to customs, traditions and practices that have been established and passed down from generation to generation; Spiritual culture refers to the achievements of human spiritual activities with literature, history, philosophy, ethics, religion and aesthetics as the main connotations. Culture in a narrow sense mainly refers to human spiritual activities and their achievements, which is the fourth level in the above broad understanding. Marxism holds that "a certain culture is the ideological reflection of politics and economy in a certain society", and regards culture as a certain ideological form, that is, it belongs to a narrow understanding.

The word "civilization" originated from the ancient Latin civis and civilis, its original meaning is urban residents, and it is extended to the citizenship of the Romans, which means that it is superior to the living conditions of foreigners at that time, especially barbarians, so "civilization" is relative to "savage" or "primitive". However, the evolution and use of "civilization" in later generations are far more complicated. Fukuzawa Yukichi, a modern Japanese enlightenment thinker, pointed out: "The meaning of civilization can be interpreted in a broad sense and a narrow sense. In a narrow sense, it is simply to increase the material needs of human beings by manpower or to increase the appearance decoration of food, clothing and shelter. If interpreted in a broad sense, it is not only to pursue the enjoyment of food, clothing and shelter, but also to inspire Xiu De and raise mankind to a noble realm. " That is to say, the narrow sense of civilization is limited to the development in the material field, while the broad sense of civilization includes the development in the material field and the progress in the spiritual field. In his understanding, man is a senior life pursuing meaning, and naturally he should not be satisfied with food and clothing for a while; Civilization is dynamic, and awakening, independence and civilization are the only way for a nation to achieve civilization. In the context of China, the word "civilization" is often understood in its broad sense. For example, the Encyclopedia of China (Philosophical Volume) interprets civilization as the sum of material and spiritual achievements of human beings in transforming the world, and the History of Chinese Civilization edited by Yuan Xingpei also decomposes civilization into three aspects in its general introduction: material civilization, political civilization and spiritual civilization.

Relationship: diachronic and synchronic

From the diachronic point of view, "civilization" is the product of the development of culture to a certain stage, and the two have their own priorities. In a broad sense, culture is humanization. Since people came into being, there has been conscious or unconscious cultural creation, but not since people came into being. In this sense, civilization is a concept that represents the evolution of human history, as opposed to the uncivilized and barbaric cultural state. This can also be derived from the western etymology of the two: the root of culture, whose original meaning is farming, originated from the early agricultural production mode of human beings, and the root of civilization, whose original meaning is urban and civil, originated from the urban life that appeared in the later period of human beings.

The discussion on the symbol of civilization mainly focuses on the following aspects: politically, there are large urban settlements, magnificent public buildings, obvious class division of residents and the formation of a country; Economically, there is a developed social division of labor and commodity exchange, a relatively fixed tax system or a regular tribute system; Ideologically, there are relatively unified religious beliefs of the whole nation, including objects of worship and sacrificial ceremonies; In culture and education, there are the use of words and the development of science and technology, and there are some forms of schools. Only a society with the above symbols and characteristics in culture can be considered as a civilized society. In other words, the formation of a civilized society needs the accumulation and breakthrough of culture and special conditions and opportunities; Civilization is the result of human beings’ transformation of nature, society and themselves to a certain extent, and it is an advanced stage of cultural development.

From a synchronic point of view, there are two main types of understanding of the relationship between them at present. In the first category, the two are regarded as synonyms, which are interlinked and cross-cutting, and can be broadly understood as human activities and their achievements, either undifferentiated or biased. The former is like Taylor’s understanding in Primitive Culture, and the latter is like Qian Mu’s point of view, "Generally civilized culture refers to the life of human groups. Civilization is on the outside, which belongs to the material aspect. Cultural bias is a spiritual aspect. " The second category regards civilization as an aggregate that embodies cultural identity and classifies cultures. Huntington, an American scholar, thinks in The Clash of Civilizations and the Reconstruction of World Order that "a civilization is the most extensive cultural entity … civilization is the highest cultural classification of people and the widest range of people’s cultural identity". This view is more representative in international academic circles, such as The Decline of the West by Bingler, Historical Research by Toynbee, and The Rise of the West-The History of Human Community by McNeill. Huntington took religion as the main symbol to define different civilizations, and divided the world after the Cold War into eight civilizations: Christian civilization, Confucian civilization, Islamic civilization, Japanese civilization, Indian civilization, Orthodox civilization, Latin American civilization and African civilization. This is similar to the four major cultural circles in the world: European and American cultural circles with Christian culture as the main body, East Asian cultural circles with Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism as the main body, South Asian cultural circles with Hinduism and Buddhism as the main body, and West Asian and North African cultural circles with Islamic culture as the main body. Comparatively speaking, "cultural circle" has been replaced by "civilization" in appellation.The number has expanded from four to many, and the same thing is that religion is the dividing standard.

Application: subjective and objective

Culture and civilization are objective academic terms, which do not reflect specific value judgments. However, in the process of practical application, it is often artificially subjective, and the more representative ones are "culture-centered theory" and "civilization superiority theory".

Cultural-centered theory takes "self" culture as the center, and holds that self-culture’s beliefs, values, lifestyles and behavioral norms are superior to "other" culture. It may be generated and used between different cultural groups, different cultural categories and different cultural regions within the same civilization, and it may also be generated and used between different civilizations. The former is like Huaxia centralism in ancient China, and the latter is like Western centralism in modern times. The theoretical point of the latter is that after the Enlightenment, bourgeois revolution and industrial revolution, western culture is more advanced and developed than the East in politics, economy, science and technology, representing historical progress and inevitability.

In view of all kinds of cultural centralism, in the second half of the 20th century, the debate between cultural universalism and cultural relativism arose all over the world. Cultural universalism holds that the truth and value of human beings are universal and absolute, and human cultures have similar goals, unified values and common laws of development, which will surely be unified under the leadership of advanced and advanced cultures. Cultural relativism is the result of reflection on deconstructing cultural universalism and facing multicultural phenomena. It emphasizes that each culture has heterogeneity and independence that other cultures cannot share. Therefore, culture is relative and cannot be compared according to a unified model. The author believes that culture has both universality and relativity. Universality is the commonality of human culture, and relativity is the individuality of various cultures. Only by recognizing the commonness of culture and respecting the individuality of culture can we break away from the stereotype of cultural centralism.

The theory of superiority of civilization is a subjective argument that advocates that one’s own civilization is superior to other civilizations in history or reality. In history, the most representative is the "white superiority theory" based on racial differences. Morgan pointed out in "Ancient Society": "Aryans and Sumerians were the first to break away from the civilized state among all branches of human beings … These two groups were essentially the founders of civilization." Because Aryans and semu are both white, some westerners draw the conclusion that white people created civilization earlier, and then form the theory of white superiority. In fact, the four ancient civilizations in the East were all multi-racial, and the yellow race, black race and white race all participated in the creation of civilizations. In reality, the most representative is the theory of stagnation of eastern civilization, which is another form of the theory of superiority of western civilization. Its main point is that the eastern civilization, which has tended to be patterned and stereotyped in philosophy, literature, education and other fields since modern times, has been in a state of stagnation and needs to be stimulated and saved by the western civilization, which has been constantly reborn and developed sharply. This argument became an excuse for colonialists to invade and expand. For example, Fukuzawa Yukichi once advocated the war of aggression against China as a "war of civilization".

In this regard, in 1853, Marx put forward the scientific conclusion of colonialism’s dual mission in two articles: British rule in India and the future result of British rule in India. "Britain has to complete its dual mission in India: one is to destroy the old Asian society; The other is the mission of reconstruction, that is, to lay a material foundation for a western-style society in Asia. " In other words, the colonialists "acted as an unconscious tool of history" while doing all the bad things. This is the dialectics of history, not the so-called victory of superior civilization.

In a word, culture and civilization need to distinguish between broad and narrow meanings according to specific contexts. The relationship between them can be analyzed from the synchronic and diachronic perspectives. The theory of cultural center and the theory of civilization superiority are the results of the subjective application of these two concepts, which should be clearly understood.

(This article is the phased achievement of the major project "Oriental Cultural History" (11-ZD 082) of the National Social Science Fund)

Source: China Social Sciences Network-China Social Sciences News

When you are hungry but have no money in your pocket, you are likely to buy an economical and affordable package. But whether it’s sandwiches, salads or drinks, the less money you spend, the more calories there are.

Similarly, in the field of swimming training, there is such a strange phenomenon: you really want to improve your swimming skills, but you have neither time to study it nor know where to start. In fact, most athletes don’t have the time and budget to ask a professional swimming coach to calm down and study hard.

But looking back, in fact, sometimes the best coach is around you: this person can be your partner, a partner who often trains with you, or even a passerby in the pool when you swim. Maybe they can give you some pertinent advice on training. If you train alone, you can imitate the swimming movements of the great gods around you, or at least you can listen to the advice of world-class swimmers in relevant articles.

For athletes without coaches, the biggest challenge is that there are many subtle differences between freestyle movements and movements, and it is difficult for you to find a technique and method that can systematically cover all the technical essentials. Where should I practice first? How to practice to improve the fastest? How should it be improved?

The following are the seven most important principles that freestyle should follow. This "swimming value package" is suitable for anyone, whether you swim fast or slow, whether you are a beginner or a veteran player.

Don’t hold your breath

Breathing is caused by carbon dioxide in the lungs. When your face is in the water, keep exhaling through your nose and mouth, so you will feel much better. Breathing every three strokes is a more comfortable breathing mode, because you can breathe on both sides and get enough oxygen.

2. relax! Relax! Or relax!

Although this law is simple, you will understand its importance when you start swimming. The best swimmers in the world swim as if they were sliding on the water. Be sure to follow the temper of water, because people can’t fight water. Therefore, when you are in the water, you must relax and concentrate on swimming forward. Learn to practice the skill of floating face down in the water.

3. Keep your body in a straight line

Practice on land first, stand up straight, and remember the position of your neck and the orientation of your face. Then copy this pose into the water. At this time, the waterline just cuts through the middle of your head, and your face should be in the water.

Step 4 remember to slide

The stroke in swimming is different from the pedaling and running steps of bicycles, because it is not a continuous process, or it should not be a continuous process. When running, every step is connected with the next step, and the rotation of the tooth plate is continuous when riding, but there should be a short slide between each stroke and the next stroke when swimming. When your arm enters the water, slide for a while and then row forward. Don’t keep rowing like a windmill.

5. Turn your body, but don’t turn around.

Turning the body is a technical job, and if it is turned well, it will be very ornamental and aesthetic. The body is cut into the water like a knife. The trick here is not to turn around. If the bottom of the swimming pool is horizontal and the wall of the pool is vertical, no matter which way you turn, don’t exceed 45 degrees. Remember, don’t turn your head and calves with your body and hips. Keep your feet straight up and down to get water.

6. Never cross the midline of your body.

Under no circumstances should your arm cross the central axis of your body. Every time you stroke, your arm should go directly into the water at the front of your shoulder. Open your arms, grab the water, sweep in, and finally gently stroke your thighs when you pull the water. The whole action looks like drawing a question mark. Fingertips should always point to the bottom of the pool.

7. Kick from the hip.

Relax your knees. Keep your toes straight. Imagine the feeling of slapping your toes on the water. You have to make a small splash. If you feel a little sore in your hip flexor, that’s right.